Mbiri Yodziwika
Khalidwe la Roma Samueli Richael Richardson Robert Slatlaks linalengeza kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi zofunikira kwambiri pakukhalako - "achifumu achifumu." Wolemba Chingerezi adauza owerenga nkhani yoyipa yochenjeza ndikugwa dona wachichepere, ndikuyika mawonekedwe a ulusi wa file ndi ngwazi zambiri. Komabe, Villain sanakhale wopanda chiyembekezo: ankamvetsetsa machimo ake ndikulapa, akulota kuti awombole mlandu pamaso pa mtsikana wosalakwa.
Mayina otchedwa adakonzekera kukhala mwadongosolo ofanana monga mayina a Don Juan ndi Sedur ya azimayi kuchokera ku Venice. Kwa zaka 250, amaitana oimika, atapachikika ndi ofunafuna adventures.
Mbiri Yolengedwa
The Englishman Samuel Richardson, moyo wake wonse adagwira ntchito yosindikiza ndipo pambuyo pake adadzakhala mwini wosindikiza, kapena ndi a Epistolary Genera - Ntchitoyi idafunikiranso makalata. Anthu a m'masiku ena ankakondwerera kulemba kwake ndikudziwa kwambiri mu psychology ya anthu. M'masiku amenewo, luso lolankhula kudzera m'makalata linayamikiridwa kwambiri, chifukwa inali njira yokhayo yolumikizirana patali. Makamaka malo amtsogolowa adapempha kuti apange buku, pomwe mitu ya makalata ikhoza kuyikidwa m'mashelufu.
Lingaliro lomwe lili pansi pa mutu wakuti "Kuwongolera Malemba a Galaoni" idapitilira ntchito ya makalata osavuta, kutembenukira ku ntchito yamakalata omwe ali ndi dzina la "makalata, zilembo zingapo zabwino kwambiri Kwa makolo, kutsatira anyamata ndi atsikana ... ". Buku lamakhalidweyo linabwera ku kukoma kwa owerenga, ndipo wolemba, upa bwino, anatenganso cholembera.
Mu 1748, patatha zaka zinayi, bukuli "la Birlissa lagalow, nkhani ya mayi wachichepere, yemwe adalemekeza Mlengi wake adabadwa. Tsiku lomasulidwa la ntchitoyi lidapita koyambirira kwa "mabuku okonda masewera" ku Europe.
Ndi Chingerezi "chopanda chikondi" chimamasulira ngati batir, bambo amene sadziwa chikondi. Koma mwa zosungidwa zazikulu za Britain, zikalata zotsimikizira kuti SEelass ndi dzina la mabanja otchuka achingerezi. Wolemba adabwerekerera kuti akhale mwa mwayi. M'zaka zana za 16, omwe adalemba nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mayina ndi mayina a anthu a nthawi yawo.
Koma njirayi ya ntchito yagwera mu olembawo mokakamiza, idafikanso ku makhothi - "prototypes" idadziwona okha m'mabuku a iwo okha, ndipo nthawi zina osati kuchokera kumbali ya nkhalango. Ndipo chomaliza cha banja la Lovilas adamwalira zaka khumi zapitazo cha kubadwa kwa Roman.
Wolemba adasandulika wowerengeka m'mabuku, adapanga njira yatsopano yodziwira zochitika zomwezo ndi maso a zilembo zingapo, ndipo, zikutanthauza kuti, amatha kupanga malingaliro ake pazomwe zikuchitika . Awa ndi mtundu wa Epistolary kuti ukwaniritse izi.
Chithunzi ndi chiwembu
Chiwembu cha bukuli ndi chovuta kwambiri. Wolemba adamanga ntchito pamaziko a kubwezera. Akuluakulu abwezera wina ndi mnzake, ndipo zotsatira za ndewu zimagundidwa ndi chipiriri pamunthu wosasangalala - mtsikana wazaka 16 wa Clacissa. Robert Traclaks - Aristocrat ndi ulemu wambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti ngwazi ya James Garloi. Achinyamata anathamangira, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, Holdlaus anakana phwando ku Harhou.
Chibwenzi chakumaso chakuyambitsa mtsikanayo kuti akwatire ndi kusilira kapena kusilira michere, koma chikondi chimawoneka pakati pa iye ndi wachikondi kudzera m'makalata. Pozindikira, lingaliro linalo linabadwira kuti abweze banja lodana ndi mwana wake wamkazi. Gawolo limagawana pansi pa dzina lopeka pafupi ndi malo azogulitsa ndipo amayang'anira moyo wa wozunzidwayo.
Nthawi ina, pamsonkhano, mtsikanayo akulera mtsikanayo, adathawa kwa makolo ake, ndipo amamumasulira iye mu Triton. Klaisia imathandizira kuti pakhale blasissa, obisika "achikristu" Robert. Nthawi zina, mkazi wosakhulupirika uyu adawagwirizira, yemweyo amawalangiza kuti achite ndi ndende.
Koma wotsutsa sakhala mwachangu, kuti athe masewera ovuta. Adzalonjeza kukwatiwa ndi Tanoss, akukana Mawu Ake. Boma loyimitsidwa "pakati pa chiyembekezo ndi kukayikira" limayendetsa mtsikana wamisala, koma ndizosatheka kusintha momwe zinthu ziliri, chifukwa wasiya mbiri m'maso mwa anthu.
Pakadali pano, zokondweretsa m'makalata kwa makalata opita ndi mnzake Belsord kuti akazi awonso ali olakwa ndipo ali ndi chidaliro kuti mayiyo akangokhalako kudzakhalabe wozunzika mpaka kalekale. Komabe, sizotheka kunyengerera ndende, yomwe ndi yokwiyitsa kwambiri munthu. Popeza tatopa njira zonse, zachikondi zimayimba mtsikana wokhala ndi mapiritsi ogona ndikumuchitirauna. Koma onyada zonyada, ataphunzira kuti wachita wokondedwa wake, aganiza zothawa a Triton. Chikondwererochi mwachiwawa kumvetsetsa zoopsa zonse za chikalata ndikuyesera kuchotsa cholakwacho, koma alandiranso chidzudzulo - mtsikanayo akana lingaliro lake ndi mitima yake, limagwa ndikumwalira.
Chifukwa cha kusimidwa, Robert Traslas amwalira england, ndipo atamwalira paulile ndi nduna ya taxissa, kulapa kwathunthu pakugwirizana ndi mtsikanayo.
Samuel Richardson adapanga umunthu wovuta wamaganizidwe. Ndi lero Achikondwerero - dzina mwadzina, kaponya chabe komanso wokonda mkazi. Nthawi yomweyo, ngwazi ya bukuli idawoneka ngati yomvetsa chisoni, yabwino komanso ngakhale pang'ono. Wolemba waku French ndi wafilosofi, Dero Doro Dorodopa adawonetsa ngwazi mu ntchito yake "Tamandani Rhardson":
"Chikondwererochi chophatikizika ndi malingaliro onyansa, otsika - ndi kuwolowa manja - ndi Frivolism, ndi kuzizira, ndi misala."Zosangalatsa
Puskinnin amatchulapo kangapo ku Evgenia mmodzi, kuti Tatiana anali Samueli Worchardson "wokondedwa". Mu 1824, wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu wa Russia, akuwerenga bukuli, loulula mu kalatayo kwa m'bale wake:
"Ndawerenga talissa: Palibe mkodzo, ndiye chitsiru bwanji!"Koma pambuyo pake mu "Kuyenda kuchokera ku Moscow kupita ku St. Petersburg", Alexander Sergeevich inafewetsa mayeso:
"Anthu ambiri owerenga angavomerezenso ine kuti Clalissa ndiopepuka komanso yotopetsa, koma ndi njira yonse Richardson ali ndi ulemu wapadera."Clalissa Gallow amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa ntchito zazitali za mabuku Achingerezi, bukuli lili ndi mawu miliyoni.
Ntchito ya Richardson, yopangidwa ndi mabuku asanu ndi awiri, idasindikizidwa ndi magawo. Wofunafuna Adventures adadyetsedwa ndi moyo wa olemba omwe adakakhala nawo ndikukhala usiku wonse kulera, kuti aphunzire nkhaniyo podikirira kupitirira. Mafani amalankhula chifukwa cha chidwi, monga chiwembuchi chidzatembenukira, ndikupempha kuti wolemba asaphe Black. Koma ngwazi zazikulu sanasunge.
Zachilendo, koma ku Cinema Lovelaff anathetsa mochedwa, koma kudziko lakwawo. Mu 1991, a Robert Burman adachotsa mndandanda wakuti "Tapissa", komwe gawo lalikulu lidachitidwa ndi Sean Bean. Kukhazikika kutengera bukuli kuli magawo anayi. Bina adakwanitsa kufotokozera bwino za mtundu wa gulu la Chingerezi la Chingerezi, mawonekedwewo amachititsa kuti chidani, achifundo komanso chisoni nthawi imodzi.
M'zaka za m'ma 70s, opera opera ankatcha "Clayissa Gallow" anali kuti apange ma georger ojambula achi Frenges. Kuyamba kubukizana ndi imfa sikunathe.
Lovelace mu siketi imatchedwa Faalsors. Chiwerengero cha anthu samadziwa malire, ndipo dzina la Noninal nthawi zina limagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhudzana ndi akazi:
"Anayenda M'moyo Wake Wampadere,Kwa akazi, zonse ndi vinyo ndi stack.
Ndi kunyengerera aliyense mosangalala
Koma mwadzidzidzi ndinapeza Chikondwerero ... "