Chiphunzitso
Charles Robert Darwin - mwachilengedwe, chiphunzitso chaupainiya chochokera padziko lapansi kuchokera kwa kholo, ndipo chisinthiko chilichonse. Wolemba buku "la mitundu", lingaliro lozungulira la munthu, malingaliro a kusankha kwachilengedwe, kafukufuku woyamba ", malingaliro osonyeza kuti anthu amachita zinthu zina.
Charles Darwin adabadwa pa February 12, 1809 mu County of Shropshire (England) ku England ku Darwin Mount Houle, ku Shrewsbury. Robert Darwin, bambo wa mnyamatayo, dokotala ndi wazachuma, mwana wa wasayansi wachilengedwe wa Erasmus Darwin. Amayi Susann Darwin, ku Maiden - Wajyood, mwana wamkazi wa ojambula a JozayIa Wajyood. Ana asanu ndi mmodzi adakula mu banja la Darwin. Banjali linaona tchalitchichi, koma amayi a Charles asanakwatirane ndi paristioner ya mpingo wa Anglican.
Mu 1817, Charles adaperekedwa kusukulu. Darwin wazaka zisanu ndi zitatu amakumana ndi sayansi yachilengedwe ndikupanga njira zoyambirira kutolera. M'chilimwe cha 1817, amayi a mnyamatayo anamwalira. Abambo anapatsa ana aamuna a Charles ndi Erasmus mu 1818 kuchipinda cha board pansi pa mpingo wa Anglican - Sukulu ya Shrusbury.
Charles sanachite bwino kuphunzira. Zilankhulo zolemera ndi mabuku zidaperekedwa. Kukonda kwakukulu kwa mnyamatayo ndikutola zosonkhana ndi kusaka. Makhalidwe a abambo ndi aphunzitsi sanakakamize Charles kuti atengere malingaliro, ndipo pamapeto pake adamfera. Pambuyo pake, Darwin wachichepere adawonekeranso mwachikondi - chemistry, omwe Darwin adapangana ndi mutu wa masewera olimbitsa thupi. Njira yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi Darwin inamalizidwa ndi zotsatira zabwino.
Nditamaliza maphunziro ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi mu 1825, a Charles, limodzi ndi mchimwene wake, adalowa yunivesite ya Edinburgh, pa luso la zamankhwala. Asanalowe m'gulu la mnyamatayo linagwira ntchito yothandizira pazachipatala.
Ku University of Edinburgh, Darwin anachita zaka ziwiri. Panthawi imeneyi, wasayansi wamtsogolo anamvetsetsa kuti mankhwalawa sanali mayitanidwe. Wophunzirayo anasiya kukambana ndi kunyamula nyama zozikika. Mphunzitsi wa Charles mkaiwu anali kapolo wopulumutsidwa yemwe Edmomomon, yemwe anachezera ulendo wa Arazonia ku Natomotor gulu la madzi a madzi am'madzi.
Zomwe zakhala zoyambirira za Darwin zopangidwa m'deralo la matlygerates. Ntchito za Asayansi Achinyamata omwe adayambitsidwa mu Marichi 1827 pamsonkhano wa Ophunzira wa Pliniyevsky, membala wa anthu ochokera ku 1826. M'dera lomwelo, Darwin wachichepere adakumana ndi zakuthupi. Panthawiyo, adagwira ntchito yothandizira Robert Eddond Grant. Atazindikira kuti mbiri yachilengedwe ya Robert Jameson, komwe adalandira chidziwitso choyambira mu roology, adagwira ntchito ndi zopereka zomwe zidali ndi zida za Muserity of Edinburgh.
Nkhani zokhudza kuwerengera mwanayo sizinachititse chidwi cha Mkulu Darwin. Ndinazindikira kuti sindingakhale dokotala ndi Charles, Robert Darwin adalimbikira kuti mwana wamwamuna ku koleji ya Yesu Cambridge. Ngakhale alendo a pa Plniyevsky Socian Soalean Vealue Moti Morlin mu ziphunzitso, sanatsutse zofuna za abambo, ndipo mu 1828 adapirira mayeso a pa Cambridge.
Kuwerenga ku Cambridg sikuchita chidwi kwambiri ndi Darwin. Nthawi yophunzira idasaka ndi kukwera kavalo. Chidwi chatsopano chidawonekera - aseram. Charles adalowa mgulu la osonkhetsa tizilombo. Akatswiri amtsogolo adapanga abwenzi omwe ali ndi puloferge Cambridge Cambridge Cambridge, yemwe adayamba kuphunzitsa khomo lodabwitsa la Bonyy. Gvell adayambitsa Darwin ndi zotsogola zachilengedwe za nthawi imeneyo.
Pofika pamayeso omaliza, Darwin adayamba kukakamiza zinthu zomwe zasowa pamutu waukulu. Adatenga malo a 10 pazotsatira za mayeso omasulidwa.
Amayenda
Nditamaliza maphunziro mu 1831, a Charles Darwin adakhalabe mu Cambridge kwakanthawi. Anadzipereka kuti aphunzire ntchito za William Paleley "Zauzimu" ndi Alexander Von Humboldt ("Natlet Watch"). Mabukuwa adabweretsa Darwin ku lingaliro lopita ku Tropics kuti aphunzire sayansi yachilengedwe. Kuti mukwaniritse lingaliro loyenda, Charles adadutsa kwa Adamu Sheelvik, kenako nkuchoka ku The North Wales kuti akaone mapu am'miyala.
Titafika kuchokera ku Wales Darwin, ndimadikirira kalata ya pulockser Ganreall ndi malingaliro a woyang'anira sitima yapamadzi ya Chingerezi "Beagle" Robert "Robert Betzroy. Sitimayo nthawi imeneyo inapita ulendo wopita ku South America, ndipo Darwin angatenge malo achilengedwe mu timu. Zowona, udindo sunalipiridwe. Tate wa Charles adakakana ndi ulendowu, ndipo mawu okha "a amalume amangokhala a Charles Muzwood ii, adapulumutsa zinthuzo. Katswiri wachichepere adapita kuulendo wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Ulendo unayamba mu 1831, ndipo watha pa Okutobala 2, 1836. Gulu la "Beagle" linatsogolera ntchitoyo pamoto wowombera magombe. Darwin nthawi imeneyo adakwatirana ndi banki yopanga ziwonetsero za mbiri yachilengedwe komanso roogy. Adatsogolera lipoti lathunthu pakuwona kwake. Ndi chinthu chosasangalatsa chilichonse, wasayansi adatumiza buku lojambulidwa ku Cambridge. Paulendowo, Darwin adatola nyama yayikulu, gawo lalikulu lomwe linagawidwa ndi nyanja. Adafotokoza zamphepete mwa nyanja zingapo.
Pafupi ndi zisumbu za kutchuka kwa Cape Barwin kunapangitsa kuti atulutsidwe kanthawi kosinthana ndi iye polemba ntchito za geology mtsogolo.
Ku Patagonia, adapeza zopezeka zopezeka zam'madzi zakale. Kukhalapo pafupi ndi iye mu mtundu wa zipolowe zamakono za mollusk kunachitidwanso ku minofu yaposachedwa. Kupeza kunachititsa chidwi ndi sayansi zozungulira za England.
Phunziro la pulasitiki yofinya, yomwe imatsegula zigawo zadziko lapansi, zidapangitsa Darwin kuti afotokozere za kunena zonena za milandu "ku Mitundu".
M'mphepete mwa Chile, gulu la "Beagle" lidapeza chivomerezi. Charles anawona khungwa ladziko lapansi pamwamba pa nyanja. Madenga, adapeza chipolopolo cha ma ntchentche am'mimba, omwe adatsogolera wasayansi polosera za kupezeka kwa zotchinga zotchinga ndi zotupa za kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi.
Mu zilumba za Galapagos, Darwin adazindikira kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ya nyama zam'madzi kuchokera kwa abale ndi oimira zilumba zoyandikana. Chinthu chowerengera chinali ma tullus akamba ndi mbalame zonyoza.
Ku Australia, adawona nyama zokongola komanso zopanda pake, zomwe zimasiyana ndi nyama padziko lonse lapansi kuti Darwin adaganizira kwambiri "Mlengi" wina.
Ndi gulu la "chotupa", Charles Darwin adapita kuzilumba za Coconut, chilumba cha Cape, ku Brazil, Argentina, ku Brazider, panthaka. Malinga ndi zotsatira za chidziwitso chomwe chasonkhanitsidwa, wasayansi adapanga ntchito za diary yachilengedwe (1839), "zombo zapaulendo pa sitima yapamadzi (1840)," kumanga ndi kufalitsa mathanthwe "(1842). Ndidafotokoza zodabwitsa zachilengedwe - penitenthes (ma aicessive ayezi wapamwamba pa madzi oundana).
Atabwerako paulendowu, Darwin adayamba kutola zitsimikiziro za malingaliro awo pazosintha zamtunduwu. Popeza anali kukhala mdera lalikulu kwambiri, wasayansi anamvetsetsa kuti chiphunzitso chake chimatsitsidwa m'mabuku omwe ali padziko lonse lapansi. Amakhulupilira Mulungu, monga tanthauzo lalikulu, koma akhumudwitsidwa kwathunthu mu Chikristu. Kuchoka komaliza kochokera ku mpingo kunachitika atamwalira mwana wamkazi wa An An mu 1851. Darwin sanasiye kuthandiza tchalitchichi ndikuchirikiza marofehions, koma pakupita ku banja la Mpingo wa tchalitchi ukuyenda. Darwin amadzitcha kuti ndi okhulupirira.
Mu 1838, Charles Darwin adakhala mlembi wa ku London Geologist. Izi zidakhalapo mpaka 1841.
Chiphunzitso cha mtundu
Mu 1837, Charles Darwin adayamba kusunga zolemba, mitundu yomera ndi mitundu yankhondo. Adanamiza malingaliro ake posankha mwachilengedwe. Zolemba zoyambirira za chiyambi cha mitunduyi idatulutsidwa mu 1842.
"Mitundu yodziwika bwino" ndi mtundu wamikangano wotsimikizira chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Chofunikira cha zolimbitsa thupi ndikukula mosalekeza kwa mitundu ya mitundu yosankha mwachilengedwe. Mfundo zolembedwa mu ntchito inalandira dzina la "Darwinism" mu zasayansi.
Mu 1856, kukonzekera bukuli kunayamba. Mu 1859, kuwalako kunawona zochitika za anthu 1250 zogwira ntchito "zomwe zasankhidwa mwachilengedwe, kapena kuteteza mitundu yosiyanasiyana polimbana ndi moyo." Bukulo lidalumikizidwa m'masiku awiri. Panthawi yonse ya Darwin, bukulo lidatuluka ku Dutch, Russian, Chitaliyana, ku Sweden, Chidatchi, ziyankhulo za ku Spain. Darwin amagwira ntchito ndi kutchuka tsopano. Chiphunzitso cha wasayansi wachilengedwe chidakhalabebe ndipo ndiye maziko a chiphunzitso chamakono cha chisinthiko.
Ntchito ina yofunika ya Darwin ndiyo "chiyambi cha munthu ndi kusankha." Mmenemo, wasayansi adapanga lingaliro la kholo lonse la munthu komanso nyani wamakono. Wasayansi anachititsa kusanthula kwa anatomical, poyerekeza deta ya Embelogy, pamaziko a zomwe adawonetsa kufanana kwa munthu ndi Monkey (chiphunzitso cha Anthropogenesis).
M'buku lakuti "Pofotokoza zakukhosi mwa munthu ndi nyama, Darwin adalongosola munthu ngati gawo la unyolo wosinthira. Munthu ngati chamoyo chopangidwa kuchokera ku mawonekedwe otsika kwambiri.
Moyo Wanu
Charles Darwin adakwatirana mu 1839. Zinali choncho paukwatiwu. Musanaganize, ndinalemba pepala lonse "la" ndi "kutsutsana". Pambuyo pa chigamulocho chitaweruzidwa, "Kukwatira-Kukwatira" Pa Novembala 11, 1838 adapanga lingaliro la m'bale wa Tusme Vajme Vajme. Emma ndi mwana wamkazi wa Josai Allwood II, amalume a Charles, membala wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ndi mwini fano. Pa nthawi ya ukwati, mkwatibwi anathetsa zaka 30. Mpaka Charles Emma adakanidwa manja ndi mtima wopereka. Mtsikanayo adatsogolera makalata ndi Darwin m'zaka zopita ku South America. Emma - mtsikana wophunzira. Analemba ulaliki wa sukulu yakumidzi, yophunzira nyimbo ku Paris kuchokera ku Frederick Ongweng Ongwe.
Ukwati unachitika pa Januware 29th. Ukwati mu mpingo wa Anglican unakhala mkwatibwi wa m'bale wa Allen Wallerwood. Anakhazikika ku London. Pa Seputembara 17, 1842, banjali lidasamukira ku Kent.
Emma ndi Charles anabadwira ana khumi. Ana adafika pamalo apamwamba pagulu. Geyge George, Francis ndi Horahamu anali mamembala a Royal Society.
Ana atatu adamwalira. Darwin adalumikiza kupweteka kwa ana omwe ali ndi ubale wokhudzana wina ndi mnzake ndi Emma (kuzunzidwa kwa mbadwa za "kuwonongeka kwa mbadwa za patali komanso mapindu am'nyanja").
Imfa
Charles Darwin anamwalira ali ndi zaka 73, Epulo 19, 1882. Kuyika m'manda ku Westminster Abbey.
Mwamuna wake atamwalira, Emma adagula nyumba ku Cambridge. A Francis ndi ana a Horara a Horara adamanga kunyumba pafupi. Ku Cambridge, mkazi wamasiyeyo adakhala nthawi yozizira. Kwa chilimwe adasamukira ku banja ku Kent. Anamwalira pa Okutobala 7, 1896. Anaikidwa pansi, pafupi ndi m'bale Darwin - Erasmus.
Zosangalatsa
- Charles Darwin adabadwa tsiku limodzi ndi Abraham Lincoln.
- Mu chithunzi, Darwin amawoneka ngati mkango.
- Mitundu yamitundu imatchedwa kokha kusindikizidwa kokha.
- Darwin anazindikira mitundu yatsopano ya nyama komanso ku malingaliro a gastronic: Anayesa kukoma mbale kuchokera kuma Armudioli, nthiwatiwa, Aguti, Iguan.
- Polemekeza wasayansi, panali mitundu yambiri yanyama.
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- Ulendo "Wamwombolo" unatambasulidwa m'malo mwa zaka ziwiri.