Chiphunzitso
M'zaka za zana la 17, zizindikiro zoyambirira zaufulu zimawonekera ku England. Mayunivesite awa amaphunzitsa zamulungu ndi malingaliro a Aristotle, nzeru zakale zidayiwalika, sayansi yachilengedwe idalowa m'malo. Komanso, m'zaka za zana la 17 ku England ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, yodziwika ndi kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwa maulamuliro aboma. Panthawiyo, wafilosofi wamkulu wa Chingerezi a John Latke adabadwa, omwe ntchito zake zidakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha masitepe a filosofiacal machitidwe.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Filosofi wokondwa adabadwa mu 1632 m'mudzi wawung'ono wa ringtone, pafupi ndi Bristol County.
Tate wa mnyamata John Locke anali m'modzi mwa maloya abwino kwambiri m'chigawo chomwe chimakhala bwino.
A John Sr. Kudzikulitsa, nthawi imeneyo, pamene England adalamulira Karl ine, adatumikira ngati wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo pa Nyumba Yakomeri. Pa nthawi ya kusintha, santhu wamkulu chifukwa cha kuwolowa manja kosalekeza kutayika ndalama zonse, kupereka ndalama kwa osowa. Chifukwa chake, bambowo anaphunzitsa Mwanayo kuti muyenera kuyesetsa kukhala ndi anthu.
Kuchokera pa bioograph ya wasayansi, zimadziwika kuti dzina lake la Nambolo - mfumu. Zambiri za mayi wina yemwe adabweretsa wafilosofi kwa zaka za nthawiyo sizinabwere.
Mnyamatayo anakulira m'banja lotsutsa, palibe bambo, kapena mayiyo anachirikiza ubweya weniweni, ndipo sanagwirizanenso boma la mpingo wa Anglican.
Makolo a Yohane adalera Mwana, aliyense wa iwo adapanga zopereka zake kubala. Chifukwa chake kuchokera kwa bambo wa Lolake Jr. Wolandira Chikondi cha ufulu ndi chikondi pang'ono pang'ono, ndipo kuchokera kwa wafilosopheri wabadwa.
Mkaziyo adawopa kutaya ana, chifukwa Mbale John adamwalira m'mawa chifukwa cha kufooka. Chifukwa chake, amayi ake a Locke adakhala ndi mantha amuyaya pamaso pa Mulungu ndipo amapemphera nthawi zonse.
Mnyamata adaleredwa wachipembedzo komanso mwamphamvu, m'Chiyere. Nthawi zambiri, mnyamatayo anali akuchita njira zake, zomwe, m'tsogolomu, John Jr. otamanda.
A John Wachikulire adagwira mwana wake pamtunda wawukulu kuchokera kwa iye komanso pomvera kwathunthu. Kenako analola kuti mnyamatayo afike, ndipo kamvekedwe kake ndi malamulo oyipa kudachitika upangiri wamoyo. Pang'onopang'ono, "Bwana" ndi "wogogoda" amakhala wofanana wina ndi mnzake ndipo amayanjana ndi ubale wolimba.
Locke anakula ndi mnyamata wowerenga komanso wowerenga bwino. Bwenzi la abambo, Colonel Alexander Puam, kulangizidwa kuti apereke a John Jr. mu Songli School.
Wojambula wafilosofi wopitako popanda kukokomeza akuti Locke anali wophunzira wabwino kwambiri kusukulu: Mnyamatayo ku maphunziro onse amathandizidwa mwakhama komanso moyandikana nawo.
Mu 1652, loko limalowa ku yunivesite ya Oxford, komwe amaphunzira mankhwala, Chigriki ndi Latin, mabuku, ndi zina. Sayansi Yachilengedwe kwa wophunzira wachichepere adaphunzitsa Robert Boyler. M'masiku aku University, Locke adayamba kutenga nawo mbali mu masamu, René Clostes, omwe adayamba kukhala chiyambi cha padziko lapansi adapangidwa ndi wophunzirayo.
Kudzutsa kwa a John Lake Locke kunalimbikitsa mphunzitsi wake ndi mlangizi Robert Boyle.
Descarses adaphunzitsa Loti kunyansidwa ndi mawu opanda pake omwe samveka kuti amaganiza kuti amakhulupirira kuti abale anali mlongo wa talente.
Komanso, wafilosofi womvera anayamba kutsatira ziphunzitso za a John Wilkins, yemwe anali wokonda kwambiri zokhudzana ndi sayansi, ndipo wasayansi Richard Telivewe amakondana ndi chikondi cha munthu.
Lingaliro la chidziwitso
A John Locke alemba buku lake lofunika "zomwe zinachitikira anthu owautsa" mu 1690. Ziphunzitso za Locke zinathandizira kuti asayansi azigwiritsa ntchito "malingaliro obadwa nawo", omwe amayambira mafilosofi acigiriki akale a Greek Plato, kenako chiphunzitsochi chikuganiziranso za a John Locke.
"Malingaliro obadwa nawo" ndi chidziwitso chaumunthu chomwe sichingagulidwe, chifukwa chosatengera malingaliro. Ndiwo, mfundozi zomwe zimatsogolera kuzunzidwa kwa anthu paliponse kwa anthu "chilengedwe".
Koma a John Locke sanachirikize lingaliro ili, koma motsutsana, adachita zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi kukhudzidwa mosiyana ndi malingaliro. Malinga ndi wafilosofi, anthu amasankha malingaliro ena (mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimapeza) osati chifukwa cha "ngakhale" ngakhale "ngakhale" koma chifukwa chothandiza. Ndegeyo imakhulupirira kuti maziko a chidziwitso cha anthu ndi zomwe zimachitika m'moyo zomwe zimapangidwa pa malingaliro athupi.
Malingaliro ovuta amapangidwa chifukwa cha chifukwa ndipo amakhala ndi malingaliro osavuta. Malingaliro osavuta amabuka chifukwa cha zomwe zachitika m'moyo: munthu ndi "pepala lopanda kanthu", lomwe limadzaza ndi moyo wamoyo.
Chifukwa chake, a John Locke aphwanya ndi makatoni, omwe adalemba kuti mzimu umakhala ukuganiza, ndipo kuganiza ndi chizindikiro chokhazikika cha mzimu.
Malinga ndi wafilosofi wachi English, chidziwitso chimakumana, ndipo malinga ndi dolo, ndikuganiza ndi mkhalidwe woyambira wa munthu.
A John Locke ndi woganiza bwino kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19, koma pamalingaliro onse asayansi sanapangidwe payokha, koma kuthokoza ena. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kutanthauzira kosangalatsa kwa malingaliro, a John Locke sikuti ndi wolemba sawunjidwe wa fanizoli.
Mu "zocita za luntha la anthu", chisonkhezero cha katswiri wazamisala a Thomas Gobus ndi sayansi ya Isaac Newton amatha kutsatidwa.
Lingaliro la mabodza akomweko pakuti dziko limizidwa ndi malo lili mu malingaliro apamwamba kwambiri - Mulungu. Chilichonse cholengedwa chimalumikizana ndi ena ndipo ali ndi cholinga chake. Cholinga cha munthu ndicho kudziwa ndi ulemu wa Mulungu, chifukwa cha utomoni wadziko lapansi ndipo m'dziko lina limabwera.
Ptagogy
Pambuyo pa njira yabwino kwambiri ya oxford University, Locke imaphunzitsa zilankhulo zakale zazaka zingapo, koma posakhalitsa pamakalata awa, potengera kuwerengetsa Anthony Ashley Cooper Sheftbury Cooper Sheftbury. Pamene Anthony adadwala kwambiri, John Locke adazindikira zolondola. Wodwala graph ananena kuti John azigwira ntchito ngati sing'anga nyumba ndikubweretsa anyamata awiri.
Panthawiyo, Tyke amalemba makalata kwa mnzake Ciirka ndikufotokozera momwe adaleredwera. A Edward adatenga makalata a wafilosofi amene adatumikira monga maziko a ntchito "yophunzitsa zamaphunziro."
John anali ndi chidaliro kuti zochita za munthu sizitengera malingaliro awo, koma kuchokera pamaphunziro, omwe amabweretsa umunthu, kodi ndi mwambo wamakhalidwe abwino kwa munthu. Komanso, malinga ndi TOke, maphunziro olimbitsa thupi ayenera kukhala nthawi imodzi ndi zauzimu. Mwakuthupi ndi kukula kwa ukhondo komanso thanzi, ndi zauzimu pakukula kwamakhalidwe ndi ulemu.
Malingaliro omwe amakonzedwa m'makalata a Crairki akuwonetsa momwe abambo a TONK amabweretsera:
- Kukula kwa thupi, kutsatirana ndi kulanga kokwanira, chizondowerero cha tsiku ndi phwando losavuta;
- Zolimbitsa thupi ndi masewera;
- Mwanayo ayenera kutsutsana ndi chikhumbo ndikuchita zomwe zimalimbikitsa malingaliro ndipo sizikutsutsana ndi mikhalidwe;
- Kuyambira ndili mwana, ana amafunika kuphunzitsa ulemu;
- Chilango chakumwa cha mwana chimangochitika chokha osamvera komanso momwe amachitira nawo chakudya chamadzulo.
Malingaliro Andale
Padziko Lapansi la Nkhani za John Locke zimapangidwa muubwana chifukwa cha makolo.
Kuchokera pamiyendo yandale ya Locke, lingaliro la kusintha kwa demokalase, lomwe likufotokozedwa m'malemba a wafilosofi: "Ufulu wa anthu kupita ku Virranny" ndi "ziwonetsero za kusintha kwa 1688".
Malinga ndi wafilosofi foro za boma, ziyenera kutitsimikizira ufulu ndi ufulu wachilengedwe. Pa bolodi la Locke akuti ndi anthu, munthu ayenera kumvera malamulo ovomerezeka, osadziletsa komanso okonda anthu apamwamba.
Yohane anaikanso malangizo olekanitsa aboma ndipo anali kudzipereka ku lingaliro la mgwirizano wa anthu.
Boma limakakamizidwa kutsimikizira kuteteza munthu aliyense ndi cholowa chake, komanso kuthetsa ntchito za chigawenga. Chifukwa chake, Locke ali ndi lingaliro la boma la malamulo ndi mphamvu zamalamulo.
Moyo Wanu
Pakatikati komanso kusungulumwa, John Locke adapitilira Kant. Zikuwoneka kuti wafilosofi wamkulu ndi munthu wamoyo amene amakonda moyo. Komabe, ngati Kant akanapeza nyumba ndi wantchito kumapeto kwa moyo wake, ndiye kuti Locke sanakhale ndi wina aliyense. A Johnn anali osowa pokhala amene amakhala m'nyumba yonse ngati mphunzitsi, chitsanzo - nkhani yokhala ndi Anthony.
John sanadziyese cholinga chokhala ndi zochitika zapakati, zomwe amachita ndizachinyengo. Anali pachibwenzi ndi dokotala wake wina atamufunsa iye, andale amaphunziridwa pomwe zidatheka, etc.
Kusaka kwa John Locke sikunapereke mphatsozo ku dziko lapansi, ndipo anali kukonzekera moyo wamtsogolo, zomwe, kuweruza buku loyera, likuyembekezera munthu padziko lonse lapansi. Ndikothekanso kufotokoza izi ngati kudziunga kwa Lockey ndi thanzi lake lofooka. Nthawi zina anthu owopa amakhala nthawi yayitali, koma akukonzekera imfa, kudziyesa okha ngati alendo padziko lapansi.
Panalibe akazi ndi ana a wasayansi. Locke adayesa kuphatikiza malingaliro awiriwo - chipembedzo ndi sayansi.
Imfa
Zaka zomaliza za moyo, Treke adakhala kunyumba ya dziko limodzi ndi tymeis imodzi yodziwika bwino, yomwe idasinthanitsa mwana wake wamkazi. Mayiyo anasangalala ndi wafilosofi, motero chikhalidwe cha Lowecka ankalamulira banja lake.
Mu ukalamba, Locke adatayika pakumva kwake, kuposa momwe anali wachisoni kwambiri, chifukwa sanamverenso.
Afilosofi anamwalira ndi mphumu ya Okutobala 28, 170 zaka 72. Asayansi amaikidwa m'manda pafupi ndi malo opezeka.
Mawu
- "Chidwi chilichonse chimayambitsa chisangalalo kapena kuvutika."
- "Palibe china chofunikira kwambiri pakudziwa zambiri, kwa moyo wabata komanso wopambana pazinthu zonse kuposa zomwe munthu angakwanitse kukhala ndi malingaliro awo."
- "Kulimba mtima kwenikweni kumasonyezedwera chifukwa chodekha komanso chifukwa chokwaniritsa ngongole yake, ngakhale ali ndi masoka ndi mavuto."
- "Zochita makumi awiri zitha kukhululukidwa m'malo mophwanya zoona."
- "Mwa mwamuna, molimbika bwino, kulimba mtima kumakhala kwamwano ..."