Chiphunzitso
Pa Novembala 10, 1483, mwana yemwe adalemba mbiri yakale ngati munthu wapamwamba kwambiri, woyambitsa Chipulotesitanti ku Germany, Wokonzanso Chachikulu ku Germany, wazachipembedzo kwambiri, adabadwa mu banja la Saxon Rudolaol. Munthuyu amatchukanso ngati womasulira wa malembedwe achikhristu (Baibulo), oyambitsa zikhalidwe za chilankhulo cha ammudzi, kuyesedwa kwa mlaliki wa Africa American King.
Abambo a Martin, Hans Luther, adasiyanitsidwa ndi kulimbika, adayesetsa kupereka banja lake zonse zofunikira, zomwe zinali zovuta kwa iye. Poyamba, anali munthu wamba m'mudzi wa Mera, koma, kusamukira kukafunafuna moyo wabwino mu Iceleben, adapeza ntchito m'migodi yakomweko. Wosintha zamtsogolo atakwanitsa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, banjali linakhala ku mansolfeld, ndipo limapeza mtundu wa burger yolemera.
Ali ndi zaka 7, Martin womaliza amayenera kupeza zovuta zofunika kwambiri. Makolo adatumiza mwana wawo wamwamuna kuti akaphunzire kusukulu ya mzindawu, yomwe "idapereka" Luther yobadwa nthawi zonse komanso kulangidwa. Dongosolo la maphunziro a bungweli sililola kuti mwana akhale ndi luso lodziwa bwino, ndipo kwa zaka 7 zomwe adaphunzira pano Martin adaphunzira kungolemba mapemphero ndi malamulo khumi.
Ali ndi zaka 14 (1497), a Luther analowa sukulu ya Franciscan ku Magdeburg, koma chaka chimodzi chidamasuliridwa m'ndende. Ndalama sizinali zokwanira, Martin osagwirizana, limodzi ndi abwenzi ake amayimba pansi pa mawindo a nzika, kuyesera kuti adyetse. Kenako mnyamatayo anayamba kuganiza za zopeza zokhazokha mu migodi, monga abambo ake, koma zomwe zidawathamangitsa.
Wachinyamatayo mwangozi anakumana modekha mkazi wa wolemera kwa elisena. Mayi wina dzina lake Ursula adaganiza zomuthandiza mnyamatayo, ndikupempha kunyumba kwake kuti agone malo osakhalitsa kuposa momwe adatsegula Martin njira yopita kumoyo watsopano.
Mu 1501, Luther adamaliza sukulu ndipo adalowa ku Yunivesite ya Erfurt (luso la malingaliro). Martin ananena pakati pa anzanu kukumbukira kwambiri, amatanganidwa ndi chidziwitso chatsopano, mosavuta zinthu zovuta kwambiri ndipo posakhalitsa zidakhala pachimake cha chisamaliro chonse ku yunivesite ya University.
Atalandira digiri ya Bachelor (1503), a Luther anaitanidwa kuti aziwerenga nthano kwa ophunzira a kafukufukuyu. Mofananamo, anaphunzira zoyambira za boma lovomerezeka pempho la Atate. Martin adapanga bwino kwambiri, koma adakuwuzani chizolowezi chachikulu zamaphunziro, werengani ntchitoyi ndi ntchito za abambo akuluakulu a Tchalitchi chachikulu.
Nthawi ina, nditapita ku Library ya University, Bayibulo lidalowa m'manja cha Luther, kuwerenga komwe kunatembenuza dziko lake.
Nditamaliza maphunziro ku yunivesite, Martin Luther adaganiza pamlingo wapamwamba yemwe palibe amene amayembekeza kwa iye. Philosofi wapita ku nyumba ya nyumbayo kuti atumikire Mulungu, kusiya moyo wadziko lapansi. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zake chinali imfa yomwe inali imfa yadzidzidzi kwa mnzake Lutera ndi kuzindikira kwake kwamwa ochimwa.
Moyo pa Monry
M'malo opatulikawa akatswiri azaukali achichepere adayamba kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana: Ndinkagwira ntchito yomaliza, koloko ya pachipata, idayambitsa bwalo la tchalitchi ndi chotero.
Pofuna kupulumutsa munthu kuti asazengereza, amonke nthawi zambiri adatumiza Martin kupita ku mzinda - kukatola zabwino. Luther adanenapo za chisonyezo chilichonse, chogwiritsa ntchito atksa mu chakudya, zovala, kupumula. Mu 1506, Martin Luther adavomereza zoopsa, ndipo mchaka - unsembe, ndikukhala M'bale Augustine.
Chakudya chamasana, Ambuye ndi mdindo wa wansembeyo sanathe kuphunzitsidwa ndi chitukuko kwa Martin. Mu 1508, VICAR yayikulu ikulimbikitsa Lutherta ngati mphunzitsi wa Wittenberg University. Apa adawaphunzitsa anyamata achichepere, sayansi ya sayansi. Posakhalitsa adalandira digiri ya Bachelor, yomwe idapangitsa kuti aphunzitse ophunzira zamulungu. Luther anali ndi ufulu wotanthauzira Malembawa, ndipo kuti athe kusanthula tanthauzo lake, anayamba kuphunzira zilankhulo zakunja.
Mu 1511, a Luther adapita ku Roma, komwe oimira ake a adalemba ntchito. Apa adakumana ndi zotsutsana za Chikatolika. Kuchokera pa 1512 Anagwira udindo wa Professology, amawerenga maulaliki, anachita maudindo a wosamalira anthu 11 anyana.
Kukonzanso
Ngakhale atakhala wotsimikiza mtima kwa Mulungu, Martin Luther amamva maofesi ena, amadziona kuti ndi ochimwa komanso ofooka machitidwe ake asanakhale okwezeka kwambiri. Mavuto amisala idakhala chiyambi cha kulingalira kwa wophunzira wazachipembedzo zauzimu komanso njira yosinthira.
Mu 1518, bulla wa papal adamasulidwa, kutsutsidwa kuchokera ku Martin. Luther adakhumudwitsidwa kwathunthu m'ntchito zachikatolika. Afilosofi ndi akatswiri azaumulungu amapanga izi 9. zomwe muzu zimakana zolemba za mpingo wachiroma.
Malinga ndi luso la Luther, boma siliyenera kudalira atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndipo chomalizacho sichikakamizidwa kukhala mkhalapakati pa mkhalapakati pakati pa munthu ndi Mulungu wa zinthu zonse. Martin sanavomereze zonena ndikunena zokhudzana ndi kusakwatira kwa oimira zauzimu, zinawononga ulamuliro wa abambo. Zochita kusintha koteroko zimawonedwa m'mbiri komanso kale, koma udindo wa Luther unali wodabwitsa kwambiri komanso wolimba mtima.
Izi ndi Martin adayamba kutchuka pagulu, mphekesera za chiphunzitso chatsopano zidafika papa, omwe nthawi yomweyo adayitanira kusokonekera kubwalo lake (1519). Luther adamwalira kuti asabwere ku Roma, kenako Ponttifik adaganiza zofuna ku Beto The Chaurthory Anathemanti (kuchotsedwa kuchokera ku zoyera zoyera).
Mu 1520, Luther amapanga zochititsa chidwi - kuwotcha poyera ng'ombeyo, imapempha anthu kuti athane ndi chiwongola dzanja cha Katolika komanso kugwetsa sada Katolika. Pa Meyi 26, 1521, malinga ndi wolanda Edcut, Martin amalandila milandu, koma ochirikiza malingaliro akuluakulu amathandizira kuti apulumutse mayi awo, ndikunena kuti kuyamwa Kwake. M'malo mwake, Luther adayikidwa m'ndende ya Wartburg, komwe adamasulira Baibulo kukhala ku Germany.
Mu 1529, Chipulotesitanti, Marten Luther adalandiridwa ndi gulu la Chikatolika la Chikatolika, koma patatha zaka zingapo m'zaka zochepa, a Lutheran ndi Calvincism.
Jean Calvin adadzakhala wachiwiri pambuyo pa Luther Wokonzanso wamkulu, lingaliro lalikulu lomwe linali gawo lenileni la chikondwerero cha munthu ndi Mulungu.
Amaganiza za Ayuda
Chiwerengero cha Martin Luther kwa Ayudawo chasintha pa moyo wake wonse. Poyamba, adadzudzula chizunzo cha nthumwi zadziko lino, zinalimbikitsa kuwathandiza.
Martin amakhulupirira kuti Myuda, amene amamva maulaliki ake, angasankhe kuyatsidwa. M'kalata yake "kuti Kristu abadwe ndi" akatswiri azaumulungu adachokera ku Chiyuda cha Chiyuda ndipo chidachichirikiza anthu akale kuti asamatsatire "chindapusa".
Atasintha, anali wotsimikiza kuti Ayudawo sanafune kutsatira ziphunzitso zake, ndipo nthawi ina anali atadziwika kuti amawadalitsa. Buku la Luther lomwe lili ndi chikhalidwe cha Luther anali ndi munthu wachiyuda ("kwa Ayuda ndi mabodza awo", "amakamba nkhani", ndi zina).
Chifukwa chake, wafilosofi wotchuka waku Germany wotchuka ku Germany, adakhumudwitsa anthu achiyuda, omwe adachoka kukonzanso. Pambuyo pake, tchalitchi cha Chilutera chinakhala gwero la anti-Semites, ndipo malo ake amayenera kufalitsa mabodza a Ayuda ku Germany, kuwatsutsa mwano.
Moyo Wanu
Luther adakhulupirira kuti Ambuye sakanaletsa aliyense popanda kuchotsa anthu kuti azikondana ndikukulabe mtundu wawo. Malinga ndi zowona kuchokera ku Biography ya Martin, namwino wakale yemwe adamubereka muukwati wa ana 6.
Katharina Von Boru anali nyumba ya amonke yomwe makolo ake akufuna - olemekezeka. Mtsikanayo atakwanitsa zaka 8, adalonjeza kuti kusakwatira. Maphunziro a mpingo, kulangidwa ndi zotengera za Catane ku Ashatisa adapanga mawonekedwe a mkazi wa Luber ndi okhwima, omwe adawonekera bwino mu ubale wa okwatirana.
Ukwati wa Martin ndi Ket (wotchedwa msungwanayo Lutera) adachitika pa Juni 13, 1525. Panthawiyo, Aprotestanti anali ndi zaka 42, ndipo mnzake wokongola ali ndi zaka 26 zokha. Mnzake wosiyidwa wa Augustine adasankha kukhala wolumikizana naye. Mitima ya chikondi inkakhala kuphweka, osapweteketsa katundu aliyense. Nyumba yawo imakhala yotseguka nthawi zonse kwa anthu omwe akufunika thandizo.
Imfa
Kumwalira kwa Martin Luther adagwira ntchito molimbika, nkhani zowerenga, analalikira. Munthu wamphamvu komanso wamphamvu m'chilengedwe, nthawi zambiri ankawaiwala za chakudya komanso loto labwino. Kwa zaka zonsezi, izi zinayamba kudzionetsera mu chizungulire, kukomoka mwadzidzidzi. Luther adakhala mwini wake wa otchedwa miyala yomwe idamupatsa iye kuzunzidwa kwambiri.
Zosavomerezeka bwino "zotsutsana" zauzimu komanso zokayikira. Martin M'mayiko Ake Anavomereza kuti usiku womwe ndili usiku, mdierekezi ankabwera kwa iye, ndikumufunsa mafunso achilendo. Woyambitsa Chiprotestanti amapemphera kwa Mulungu kuti aphedwe, kukhala muukali wowawa kwa zaka zambiri.
Luther anamwalira mu February 1546 mwadzidzidzi. Thupi lake lidaikidwa m'manda m'bwalo la mpingo wachifumu, pomwe zidandiloza 95 zodziwika bwino.
Mu 2003, kukumbukira kwa mbiri yakale, a Eric Fifict, kanema wodziwika bwino wotchedwa Luther, akuwonetsa moyo wa mtumiki wopatulika kuyambira pachiyambi ntchito kuti asinthidwe ndikuimfa.
Mawu
"Chidani, monga chotupa cha khansa yochotsera munthu wa khansa ndipo chimatenga mphamvu zonse." "Ngati munthu sanadziwe kuti ali wokonzeka kufa, sangathe kukhala ndi moyo." "Popanda mkazi wanga, ndizosatheka kukhala ndi moyo, sizingachite bwanji popanda chakudya ndi zakumwa. Wobadwa ndi akazi, timakhala moyo wawo ndipo sitikhala ndi mwayi wowawonjezera. "M'bali
- Berleburg Bible
- Nkhani za Mauthenga ku Aroma (1515-1516)
- 95 izi za kukhululukidwa (1517)
- Kufunika Kwa Dziko Lachikristu la Dziko Lachijeremani (1520)
- Za ukapolo wa ku Babuloni wa Tchalitchi (1520)
- Kalata Mulppmefort (1520)
- Tsegulani kalata Papa roro x (1520)
- Pa Ufulu wa Christine
- Motsutsana ndi wotsutsa wa ng'ombe wowonongeka
- Kulankhula pa Inmstation Reichstage Epulo 18, 1521
- Za ukapolo (1525)
- Za nkhondo yolimbana ndi ma turks (1528)
- Katekisimu Wamkulu ndi Amng'ono (1529)
- Kalata yomasulira (1530)
- Dziwani Nyimbo (1538)
- Za Ayuda ndi mabodza awo (1543)