Chiphunzitso
Mbiri ya Jack Londogra imadzaza ndi zokondweretsa zokondweretsa: asanakhale wolemba wotchuka wa Romanov ndi nkhani, London adayenera kudutsa njira yovuta, yodzala ndi kugwedezeka. M'moyo wa Jack ndimadabwa chilichonse, kuyambira kuchokera kwa makolo achilendo omwe adalemba komanso kumaliza maulendo ambiri. London wakhala m'modzi mwa olemba ena otchuka, omwe adawerengedwa ku Soviet Union: Malinga ndi Ussr, American zidalandla Hans Christian Anderson.
Wolemba zamtsogolo adabadwa pa Januware 12, 1876 mumzinda wa San Francisco, California. Olemba ena nthabwala kuti John griffith Cheney (dzina lenileni Jack London) adadziwika asanabadwe. Chowonadi ndi chakuti makolo a wolemba ndi zinthu zapadera omwe amakonda kulera anthu. Amayi ake a Farman ndi mwana wamkazi wa Marshall Wellman, yemwe ali ndi bizinesi yotchuka kuchokera ku Ohio.
Mtsikanayo anasamukira ku California kuti akapeze ntchito yophunzitsa. Koma ntchito ya maluwa sizinangophunzitsira nyimbo, mayi wa wolemba um'tsogolo ankakonda kwambiri uzimu ndipo anali wokangana kuti amapukutidwa mwauzimu ndi Mtsogoleri waku India. Komanso, maluwa anali ndi vuto la kusokonezedwa ndi manjenje komanso zosiyana pakumva, zomwe mtsikanayo adagawika zaka makumi awiri.
Kukhala ku San Francisco, masewera a esoteric amadziwana ndi munthu wosangalatsa - William Cheney (Chani), Irish Pochokera. Woyimira milandu William anamvetsetsa mu masamu ndi mabuku, koma anali wotchuka chifukwa chokhala m'modzi mwa akatswiri otchuka amatsenga ndi kukhulupirira nyenyezi ku America. Mwamunayo adatsogozedwa ndi moyo wa Wicker ndipo amayendayenda kuyenda, koma kupenda nyenyezi kunapereka maola 16 patsiku.
Okondedwa a Ecrentric amakhala muukwati waboma, ndipo patapita nthawi, maluwa atatenga pakati. Pulofesa Prener adalimbikira kuchotsa mimba, yomwe idayambitsa mitu yoyipa, yabwino kwambiri idayesa kuwombera mothandizidwa ndi chipongwe chakale, koma chipolopolocho chidavulazidwa pang'ono. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, Flora adatinso kuyesa kudzipha chifukwa chozizira kwambiri.
Komabe, San Francisco Atolankhani adakumana ndi nkhaniyi, nkhani zotchedwa "mkazi wosiyidwa" adagulidwa mu kampani yonse ya mzindawo. Press Press, kutengera nkhani za mtsikana wakale wa William, ndikumana ndi dzina la esoteric. Atolankhani ankanena za zojambulajambula ngati zojambula zomwe zidaponya akazi ambiri, ndipo pambali pawo, adatumikiranso. Anangoganiza za prefent wotchuka wa kutchuka kwa nthawi ya 1875 ndi kupita kwanthawi zonse. M'tsogolomu, Jack London anayesa kulumikizana ndi William, koma sanawone bambo amene sanawerenge ntchito imodzi ya mwana wotchuka, komanso atakhala atakwatirana.
Mwana wa ku Flore, nthawi ina kale anali atagwira ntchito yolera mwana, chifukwa sanataye mtima, motero mwana wakhanda adaperekanso zochita ku namwino kwa Jenny Princer, yomwe Wolemba amakumbukiridwa ngati mayi wachiwiri.
Ubwino wodabwitsa ngakhale atabadwa kwa Mwana atabadwanso mothandizidwa ndi magawo auzimu. Mu 1876, a John London, yemwe mkazi wake adataya, amakopeka kuti azithandiza. Ventran wakale wa Yohane, John adamva munthu wabwino komanso wokoma mtima, nabwera ndi ana akazi awiri ndipo sanazengereze ntchito iliyonse. Pambuyo paukwati wa Wellman ndi London, m'zaka 76, mayi wina adakwatira mwana wamwamuna banja la Yohane.
Mnyamatayo anali ndi unansi wolimba ndi bambo wondipeza, a John Sr. adasinthiratu tsogolo la Atate wamtsogolo, ndipo mnyamatayo sanamvere mlendo. Jack adayamba abwenzi ake omwe ali ndi mlongo wophatikizika ndipo adadziona ngati bwenzi labwino kwambiri.
Mu 1873, vuto lazachuma lidayamba ku America, chifukwa chomwe ambiri okhala mdzikolo adalephera kupeza ndalama. London ankakhala mu umphawi ndipo anayenda m'mizinda yaboma kukafunafuna moyo wabwino. M'tsogolomu, wolemba wa Romanov anakumbukira kuti maluwa analibe choyika patebulo, komanso Jack pang'ono sanadziwe zoyenera kukhala ndi zoseweretsa zake. Malaya oyamba adagula m'sitolo, mwanayo adafotokozedwa ali ndi zaka 8.
A John wamkulu adayesa kuweta ng'ombe, koma maluwa owonjezerawa sanakonde ntchito ikayamba kuyenda pang'onopang'ono. Mkaziyo ankasungidwa nthawi zonse kukhala m'mutu wa mapulani osangalatsa, omwe, m'malingaliro ake, amayenera kuthandiza mwachangu kukhala wolemera: Nthawi zina amagula matikiti a Lottery, akuyembekeza mwayi. Koma chifukwa cha zilakolako zachilendo, banjali linali loposa kamodzi panthaka.
Pambuyo poti amamangika, Londin idakhazikika mu aackland, si kutali ndi San Francisco, mumzinda uno mnyamatayo adapita kusukulu yauni. Wolemba mtsogolo adazolowera kuti ali mu ubwana iye amatchedwa Jack, wachidule ndi dzina la Yohane.
Jack London anali alendo omwe amacheza kwambiri ku laibulale ya Oakland: wolemba wamtsogolo adapita kuchipinda chowerengera tsiku lililonse ndikumeza mabukuwo. Miss Aina Kulbrit, zowonjezera za mphoto yam'deralo m'mabuku, taonana ndi chidwi cha mnyamatayo ku mabuku ndikuwongolera zozungulira zake.
M'mawa uliwonse kusukulu, Jack ang'onoang'ono adatenga chogwirizira ndi pepala ndikulemba mawu pafupifupi chikwi kuti atulutsidwe kuchokera ku maphunziro oyimba. Mnyamatayo anali chete nthawi zonse payala, pomwe adalandira chilango, chomwe m'tsogolo mwake muli ndi wolemba m'manja.
Jack amayenera kudzuka m'mawa kwambiri kuti patsogolo pa maphunziro kuti atulutse nyuzipepala yatsopano ya Sukulu ya Sukulu ya Sabata, London anaika London mumbale pampando kuti apeze ndalama zochepa.
London akanakhala wochepera zaka 14, anamaliza maphunziro ochokera m'magulu oyambira, koma mnyamatayo sakanatha kuphunzitsa, popeza palibe cholipira.
Inde, ndipo kunalibe nthawi yochokera m'ndende m'tsogolo: Mu 1891, ophwanya a John London adagwera pasitima ndipo adalumala, omwe adalemeretsa munthu. Chifukwa chake, Jack wachichepere atatha kumapeto kwa sukulu yaunyamata amayenera kupita ku fakiti yophika. Kwa masiku a maola 10-12, wolemba wamtsogolo a nkhani zosafa adalandira dola imodzi. Ntchitoyi inali yolemetsa komanso yotopetsa, malinga ndi zokumbukira za wolemba, sanafune kusintha "ng'ombe zogwira ntchito" - malingaliro oterewa adakangana ndi wachinyamatayo kusiya chomera.
Mu unyamata, Jack London anali kukokera paulendo, mwina kukhudzika kwa maulendo kunasamutsidwa ku Jack kuchokera kwa amayi ake. Odzaza ndi chiyembekezo chothetsa umphawi. Mnyamata wazaka 15 wa zaka 15 amatenga $ 300 nanny ndikugula akatswiri ogwiritsa ntchito. "Kaputeni Jack" amatola timu ya Pirate ndi Tcheri kuti atumize ndi kugonjetsa "Terster Star". Chifukwa chake, Jack ndi Comrades Bhowenk Mollusk payekha pa Banja la San Francisco.
Mimbulu ya China yaying'ono idagulitsanso nyama yogonjetsedwa ndi malo odyera akunja ndipo adalandira ndalama zabwino: Jack adapeza zida zosonkhana mazana atatu kuti apatse ngongole ya Nian. Koma ku California, adakhala osasunthika chifukwa cha bizinesi ya Pirate ya Pirate, kotero London amayenera kusiya ntchito yopindulitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalamazo zidawonongeka ndi mnyamatayo: Ndalama zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa moyo wambiri, kudzutsa kosatha komanso ndewu.
Jack London ankakonda kupezeka kunyanja, motero ndinavomera ntchito ya "otcheruka" kuti amenyane ndi ogonjera, ndipo mu 1893 wolemba wamtsogolo amapita kuchimbudzi cha ku Japan chifukwa cha amphaka a ku Japan.
London anachita chidwi ndi kugwedezeka, nkhani za ku Autobigram zidakhazikitsidwa pamsonkhano wa "nkhani za ybatsky polol", komanso kukwaniritsidwa kwa wolemba mabuku a "Marine" mabuku ambiri. Atayendayenda m'madzi, London amayenera kubwerera ku malo antchito a fakitale, koma tsopano ndi amene amagwira ntchito pamalo opangira ziweto ku Jute. Mu 1894, Jack amatenga nawo mbali mu kampeni ya osagwira ntchito ku Washington, kenako mnyamatayo adzamangidwa chifukwa cha Vagbondi - mphindi iyi yakhala kiyi yolemba "malaya."
Pa 19, mnyamatayo adasindikiza mayeso ndikulowa ku Yunivesite ya California, koma adakakamizidwa kusiya maphunziro awo chifukwa chosowa ndalama. Atathamangitsa m'mafakitale ndi nthawi yayitali, pomwe ma penni amalipira, London amafika kumapeto kuti si okonzeka kutsogolera "extkky" yodzaza ndi ntchito yakuthupi, yomwe siyiyesedwa.
Malembo
London adayamba kuyesa udindo wa wolemba, ndikukhalabe pafakitale ya Jute: Kenako tsiku la ntchito lidatenga nthawi ya 13 koloko, ndipo analibe nthawi ya nkhani: Guy wachichepere amafunikira ola limodzi patsiku Kupatula nthawi yosangalala.
Kun San Francisco, nyuzipepala yakwanuko "itanani" Ikani mphotho yankhani yabwino kwambiri. Flora anakankhira mwana wake wamwamuna kuti atenge nawo mbali, komanso talente yoyambirira ya London inayamba kuwonekera mu sukulu zaka za sukulu, pomwe m'malo moimba mnyamatayo analemba nkhani. Chifukwa chake, podziwa kuti nthawi ya 5 m'mawa muyenera kukhala kuntchito, Jack amakhala pakati pausiku kuti alembe nkhani, ndipo usiku utatu watenga. Mutu wa mnyamatayo anasankha "Tyhoke pagombe la Japan."
London adakhala kumbuyo kwa nkhani yogona ndipo watopa, koma ntchito yake idatenga malo oyamba, ndipo yachiwiri ndipo yachitatu idapita kwa ophunzira a mayunivesite otchuka. Pambuyo pa izi, London ikuyamba kuganizira za ntchito yolemba. Jack alembanso nkhani zina zingapo ndikutumiza ku nyuzipepala, yomwe idamusankha wopambana, koma okonzako adakana kukhala wachinyamata.
Kenako chiyembekezocho chinasiyanso talente yang'ono, ndipo London imatumizidwa kwa munthu wamanja kwa chomera chamagetsi. Ataphunzira kuti mnzakeyo anadzipereka kuti adziphe chifukwa chosowa ndalama, chikhulupiriro chimabweranso ku Jack kuti athe kumenyana.
Mu 1897, Jack London adangokhala ndi thupi lagolide ndipo adanyamuka kuti akafufuze zitsulo zamtengo wapatali pa Alaska. Jack adalephera kupeza golide ndikuundana, pambali pake, adadwala qing.
"Ndinasiya kulemba, ndikusankha kuti ndine wotayika, ndipo ndinapita ku Klontike ndi golide," anakumbukira wolemba kwambiri golide.Pambuyo pake, maulendo onse a wolemba mtsogolo amakhala maziko a nkhani ndi nkhani zambiri. Chifukwa chake nditabweranso kuchokera ku migodi yagolide mu 1899, London imayamba ntchito yolemba zolemba ndi "nkhani zakumpoto", mwachitsanzo, "oyera oyera". Patatha chaka chimodzi, wolemba adafalitsa buku loyamba "mwana wa nkhandwe." Jack amapereka mphamvu zake zonse polemba mabuku: wolemba wachichepere adalemba pafupifupi tsiku lonse, kusiya maola angapo tchuthi ndi kugona.
Mu 1902, Jack amapita ku likulu la Great Britain, lomwe limalemba nkhani zazikulu ndi zolemba zake kuti: "Mayiko a makolo" (1903), "Nthawi Samayembekezera" (1910), "Chigwa cha mwezi" (1913), etc.
Ndi ntchito yake yabwino kwambiri, Jack anaganiza za "mbuye wam'mawa wa nyumba yayikulu" - buku lomvetsa chisoni, lofalitsidwa mu 1916. Izi ndizosiyana ndi mabuku osangalatsa a wolemba. Buku lolembedwa mu chaka chatha cha moyo wa London ndikuwonetsa momwe akuchitira zauzimu ku America panthawiyo.
Moyo Wanu
Ntchito Zolemba Jack London imawonetsa moyo wake. Kupatula apo, ngwazi zonse za wolemba ndi anthu omwe akuvutika ndi zovuta za moyo, ngakhale panali zopinga. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani "yokonda moyo", yofalitsidwa mu 1907 ikufotokoza za munthu wosungulumwa, yemwe ataperekedwa kwa mnzanu akapita paulendo. Munthu wamkulu amavulaza mwendo ndikukumana ndi imodzi mwa nyama zakutchire, koma zikupitilizabe kupita patsogolo. Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kulongosola ku London palokha, chifukwa si aliyense wamkulu yemwe akhalile amene adalemba adakumanapo ndiubwana.
M'moyo, Jack anali munthu wokondwa komanso woseketsa yemwe adamwetulira nthawi zonse. Jack mosamala anatchulanso kusankha kwa mkazi, ndipo mu 1900 anakwatirana ndi mkwatibwi wa mnzake womwalira wa Bessie Maddern.
Kuyambira ukwati woyamba, wolemba adawonekera ana aakazi awiri, Bass ndi Joan. Koma moyo waukwati wa wolemba mabuku sungasangalale: Pambuyo pa zaka 4, London adanena kuti wokwatirana naye amasudzulana. Chifukwa chake kusekedwa kwakukuru kwa Jack kudachitika, mkazi wake yemwe anali atadabwa kwa nthawi yayitali, malingaliro oyamba anali kuti London adayambiranso chibwenzi ndi Anna zingwe.
Pambuyo pake, Madderde adazindikira kuti London ali ndi ubale wokhala ndi Kirtredzh, yemwe wolemba sakanapirira choyambirira. Mtsikanayo sanasiyanitsidwe ndi kukongola, ndipo samawala ndi malingaliro, nthawi zina omwe amawadziwa adasekedwa ndi wamkulu, kuyambira atathamangira amuna. Chifukwa chomwe wolemba adasiya mkazi wapitawo ndikuyamba kutenga nawo mbali mwa mkwatibwi yemwe sanali wamakani - adangolingalira. Pambuyo pake zidadziwika kuti Kitlezhh adagonjetsa London ndi makalata ambiri ali ndi zolakwika mwachikondi. Osachepera London anali kusangalala ndi mnzanu watsopano, chifukwa chimodzimodzi monga wolemba ali ndi ulendo wamateur ndi kuyenda.
Imfa
M'zaka zomaliza za moyo, Jack London adakumana ndi luso lopanga: wolemba alibe mphamvu komanso kudzoza polemba ntchito yatsopano, adayamba kuyang'ana mabukuwo. Zotsatira zake, wolemba amayamba kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa. Jack adakwanitsa kusiya chizolowezi choyipa, koma mowa wakhudza kwambiri thanzi lake.
Anadwala matenda a impso ndipo adamwalira ndi poizoni wa morphiaone, wothandiza mankhwala. Mabizinesi ena a London amakhulupirira kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo a mankhwalawa adakonzedwa, ndipo Jack adadzipha. Panali zolimbikitsa za izi: Mutu wa kudzipha ukhoza kutsatiridwa pantchito za wolemba. Komabe, mtunduwu sungathe kuwonedwa wodalirika.
Chikondi chomaliza cha Jack London chinali buku la "mitima ya atatu", lofalitsidwa mu 1920.
Zosangalatsa
- Zomwe sizinachite Jack London kuti mupeze ndalama. Mnyamatayo, mnyamatayo adasaka amphaka am'msewu kuti agulitse nyamayo ku China.
- Mu 1907, wokondwerera anayesa kupita paulendo wapadziko lonse pa sitima yomangidwa pa zojambula zake.
- London adasilira olemba ku Russia ndikugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya maxim Gorky.
- Nkhani "Kukonda Moyo" Nadezhda Krupskaya adawerenga Lenin asanagone. Zinachitika masiku awiri asanamwalire.
- Nthawi yonse ya moyo, London adanjenjemera kwa agalu ndipo makamaka amakonda mimbulu. Ndipo sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa nkhani zambiri za Jack zimafotokoza za nyama yamtchire. Izi zimaphatikizapo "Frol FANG", "Wolf Walf", ndi zina zambiri.
- Pa nthawi yomwe maluso olenga, Jack sakanatha kulemba chiwembu chokha, motero lingaliro la wolemba wachiroma limagula kwa Lewis Lewis mu 1910. Jack adayamba kuphunzira buku la "Bureau of wakupha", koma sanamalize ntchitoyo. Malinga ndi wolemba, sanachite zambiri mobwerezabwereza malingaliro a Lewis.
- Jack adagwira ntchito yofananira pa nkhondo ya ku Russia komanso ya ku Russia.
- London atakhala wotchuka, adalandira $ 50000 pa buku limodzi. Imasemphana ndi Jack idakhala yoyamba mwa malembawo aku America omwe adapeza miliyoni.
Mawu
- "Simuyenera kudikirira kudzoza, muyenera kuthamangitsa nkhondo."
- "Ngati mukuganiza bwino, mudzalemba momveka bwino ngati lingaliro lanu ndi lofunika, lidzakhala lofunika komanso zolemba zanu."
- "Munthu sayenera kuwonekera yekha mu mawonekedwe enieni, moyo umasanduka."
- "Moyo nthawi zonse umapatsa munthu zochepa kuposa momwe amafunira."
- "Mukamabisa chowonadi, nachibisa, ngati sunachoke pamalopo, koma osalankhula pamphasa, ndikadalankhula, ponena, osasintha chowonadi."
- "Chomera nthawi zonse chimatikoka ife dzanja tikakhala ofooka tikatopa. Koma malonjezo a chikondi chake: Mphamvu yakuthupi yomwe yalonjeza ndi yachizolowedwe, kukweza kwamalingaliro ndi konyenga. "
- "Ndibwino ndikhale phulusa kuposa fumbi. Lolani Lawi langa likhale labwino kwambiri kuposa kuwumbasa kuposa momwe nkhungu imagwetsera! "
M'bali
- 1903 - Kuyitanidwa kwa makolo
- 1904 - Mmbulu wa nyanja
- 1906 - White FANG
- 1909 - Martin Edeni
- 1912 - Alya mliri
- 1913 - John Barley Fr
- 1915 - Kuwongola malaya
- 1916 - Akuluang'ono a nyumba yayikulu
- 1917 - Jerry Island
- 1920 - Mitima itatu