Mkango Tolstoy - Biography, Zithunzi, Moyo Wanu, Nkhani ndi Mabuku

Chiphunzitso

Chithunzi cha Leo Tolstoy, chodziwika bwino cha mabuku aku Russia ndi padziko lonse chimatchedwa Mbuye wa zamatsenga, Mlengi wa mtundu wa Epipa wa Elwala, woganiza woyamba ndi mphunzitsi wa moyo. Ntchito za wolemba waluso ndi cholowa chachikulu kwambiri cha Russia.

Mu Ogasiti 1828, zotchulidwa zakale za mabuku ku Russia zidabadwira ku polyana wamba m'chigawo cha Tula. Woyambitsa tsogolo la "nkhondo ndi dziko lapansi" adadzakhala mwana wachinayi m'banja wa olemekezeka otchuka. Malinga ndi mzere wa makolo, anali wa banja lakale la Tolstoy ma graph omwe ankatumikira Ivan zoyipa ndi Peter koyamba. Pa mzere wamayi Lev NikolayEvich ndi mbadwa ya Rikov. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mkango wa Tlstoy ndi Alexander Puskin ndi kholo lofala - Adrul Ivan Mikhavin golovin.

Amayi Leo NikolayEvich - a Nee Priss Volkonskaya - adamwalira chifukwa chobadwa kwa kutentha kwa mwana wake. Panthawiyo, mkango sunali wa zaka ziwiri. Zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo pake, mutu wa banjali udamwalira - kuwerengera Nikolai Tolstoy.

Kusamalira ana kugona pamapewa a abwana azakhali - T. A. Ergoolkaya. Pambuyo pake ana amasiye amasiye amasiyewo adasanduka azakhali achiwiri - awonani A. M. Osnn-Sceken. Atamwalira mu 1840, ana anasamukira ku Kazan, kwa Woyang'anira Woyang'anira P. I. Yushkova. Azachibale asintha, ndipo ali mwana m'nyumba mwake, omwe amawerengedwa ngati achimwemwe komanso ochereza mumzinda, wolemba adawatcha achimwemwe. Pambuyo pake, mkango Tolstoy adafotokoza za moyo ku Eyashkav mu nkhani "ubwana".

Maphunziro oyambirira adalandiridwa kunyumba kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi achijeremani ndi French. Mu 1843, mkango To Welstoy analowa ku Yunivesite ya Kazan, kusankha luso la zilankhulo zakum'mawa. Posachedwa, chifukwa chogwira ntchito zochepa, adasinthana ndi luso linalake - wovomerezeka. Komanso sizinaphule kanthu: Zaka ziwiri, adachoka ku yunivesite popanda kulandira madigiri.

Mkango Nikolayyo adabweranso kuti adutse momveka bwino, pofuna kukhazikitsa ubale ndi anthu wamba m'njira yatsopano. Lingaliro lidalephera, koma mnyamatayo nthawi zonse adapambana diary, adachikonda zosangalatsa, ndipo adayamba kukonda nyimbo. Wotchi ya Tolstoy anamvera Johann Bach, Frederick Chopin ndi Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Atakhumudwitsidwa ndi moyo wa eni malo atakhala m'mudzi wa chilimwe, mkango wazaka 20 adasiya chuma ndikusamukira ku Moscow, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kupita ku St. Mnyamata wachichepere akuthamanga pakati pakukonzekera mayeso ku yunivesite, nyimbo, nyimbo, makoswe ndi khunyu, ndipo malotowo akhale mkulu, kenako nkhwangwa ya connogvarkerky. Achibale omwe amatchedwa Mkango "wocheperako", ndipo ngongole zoimitsidwa zimayenera kupezeka kwa zaka.

Malembo

Mu 1851, mchimwene wake wa wolemba - mkulu wa Nikolai Tolstoy - adakopa mkango kuti upite ku Caucasus. Kwa zaka zitatu, Lev Nikolayvich ankakhala m'mudzimo m'mphepete mwa tchire. Chikhalidwe cha Caucasus ndi kholo lakale la Cossack stinyack stannyesye pambuyo pake adawonetsedwa mu "ma compacks" ndi "Haji murat" mitu "nkhani".

Mu Caucasus, Leo Tolstoy adalemba nkhani "ubwana", womwe udasindikizidwa mu magazini "Panthawi ya L. Posakhalitsa analemba za" ubwana "ndi" ubwana "pophatikiza nkhani mu trilogy. Chida chake cholembacho chinakhala chosangalatsa komanso chobweretsera ku Nikolaynich kuzindikira koyamba.

Mbiri yopanga Leo Tolstoy ikukula mwachangu: Kusankhidwa ku Buchastop, Kutanthauzira kwa Scastopol, lamulo la batri lalemera wolemba. Kuchokera pansi pa nthenga za Leo Nikolayvich, gawo la "Sevastapol Nkhani" idamasulidwa. Zolemba za wolemba wachinyamata adatsutsa otsutsa omwe ali ndi malingaliro olimbika m'maganizo. Nikolai Achirseyhevsky amapezeka "zonena za mzimu", ndi Emperor Alexander II amawerenga nkhani ya Selsay "Sevastopol mu Disembala".

M'nyengo yozizira ya 1855, mkango wazaka 28, wafika ku St. Petersburg ndipo adalowa mozungulira mabuku, omwe adalandilidwa "kukuwuzani mabuku akulu a mabuku aku Russia." Koma pachaka, malo olembedwa ndi mikangano yake ndi mikangano yake, kuwerenga ndi masana olemba atopa. Pambuyo pake mu "kuulula" Tolstoy kuvomereza:

"Anthu awa aja adandidziwitsa ine, ndipo ine mwayi."

M'dzinja la 1856, wolemba wachinyamatayo adapita ku malo a Polyana wamba, ndipo mu Januwale 1857 - kunja. Theka la chaka, mkango Tolstoy amayendayenda ku Europe. Adapita ku Germany, Italy, France ndi Switzerland. Anabwerera ku Moscow, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo - mu kudula kwathunthu. M'malo ogulitsa, anali atachita makonzedwe a ana akhama. Kuyandikira kwa polyna wamba wamba, mabungwe makumi awiri ndi awiri adawonekera ndi kutenga nawo mbali. M'zaka za m'ma 1860, wolemba adayenda kwambiri: ku Germany, Switzerland, a Belgium, adaphunzira njira za m'maiko aku Europe kudzafufuza ku Russia.

Niche yapadera mu ntchito ya mkango Tolstoy ndi nthano ndi nkhani za ana ndi achinyamata. Wolemba adapanga mazana ambiri kwa owerenga aang'ono, omwe ndi nthano zabwino komanso zopindulitsa "za" mwana awiri "," azingwe "," mkango ndi galu ".

Buku la Sukulu ya Sukulu "Mkango" Mkango Tolstoy analemba kuti aphunzitse ana polemba, kuwerenga ndi masamu. Ntchito yolemba ndi yogogog komanso yogobagical imakhala ndi mabuku anayi. Wolemba adaphatikizapo nkhani zolaula, ziphunzitso, zopeka, komanso malangizo othandiza kwa aphunzitsi. Buku lachitatu lidalowa nalo nkhani ya andende a ku Caucasian.

Mu 1870, mkango To Welstoy, akupitilizabe kuphunzitsa ana wamba, adalemba nkhani ya "Anna Karnina ndi Annaded Idylod of Landld wa Landy . Nkhani yokhayo kokha poyang'ana koyamba kuwoneka kuti: The Classic idayambitsa vuto la tanthauzo la "kalasi" lopangidwa ", kumutsutsa ku chowonadi cha moyo wa Melzzzky. "Anna Karenina" amayamikiridwa kwambiri ku Fnur Dostoevsky.

Wolemba mu chikumbumtima adawonekera mu ntchito zolembedwa m'ma 1880s. Kuzindikira Mwauzimu, Kusintha kwa Moyo, kumakhala ndi malo apakati mu nkhani ndi maudindo. "Imfa ya Ivan Ilyich", "Creciyerova soata", "abambo Jegius" ndi nkhaniyo "pambuyo pa mwana" atawonekera. Katswiri wa mabuku aku Russia amajambula zithunzi za kusalingana kwachikhalidwe, mabichties a malungo a mtsogoleri.

Pofunafuna yankho ku funso lokhudza cholinga cha moyo, mkango Tolstoy adapempha mpingo waku Russian Orthodox, komanso sanasangalale. Wolemba adatsimikiza kuti mpingo wachikhristu udasokonekera, ndipo pansi pa chipembedzo, ansembe amalimbikitsa ziphunzitso zonyenga. Mu 1883, Lev Nikolayvich adakhazikitsa "koloko" kope, komwe kukhudzika kwauzimu kumanena za kutsutsidwa kwa Tchalitchi cha Orthodox. Pachifukwa ichi, Tolstoy adasiya tchalitchichi, Apolisi achinsinsi amayang'ana wolemba.

Mu 1898, mkango Tolstoy analemba kuti Roma "aphedwa", omwe analandila ndemanga zowunikira. Koma kuchita bwino pantchitoyo kunali kotsika kwa Anna Karenina ndi "nkhondo ndi matope".

Zaka 30 zapitazi mkango mkango wololstoy, ndi ziphunzitso za osakanikirana ndi zoyipa, wozindikiridwa ndi mtsogoleri wauzimu komanso wachipembedzo wa Russia.

"Nkhondo ndi Mtendere"

Mkango Tolstoy sanakonde "Nkhondo Yake ndi Mtendere", ndikuyitanitsa Zabe momveka ". Ntchito yakale yalembedwa mu 1860s, yomwe ili ndi banja lake mokwanira. Mitu iwiri yoyamba, yotchedwa "1805," yosindikizidwa "Russia 'mu 1865. Patatha zaka zitatu, mkango Tolstoy analemba machaputala ena atatu ndipo anamaliza bukulo, lomwe limapangitsa mikangano yamkuntho ya otsutsa.

Zochitika za ngwazi za ntchito yomwe idalembedwa zaka za chisangalalo cha banja komanso kukweza kwamaganizidwe, bukuli lidatenga moyo. Mu mwana wamfumu, a Marya Bologkoe kuzindikira zomwe amayi mkango Niko Nikolaynich, chizolowezi chake chongoganizira, kukonda kwambiri zaluso. Zinthu za abambo - kunyozedwa, kukonda kuwerenga ndi kusaka - wolemba adapereka Nikolai Rostov.

Polemba buku, Lev Tolstor adagwira ntchito yosungirako, adaphunzira kulemberana malembedwe a bii, olemba pamanja, oyang'anira, adayendera munda wa Borotino. Mkazi wachichepere adamuthandiza, kulembanso zolemba.

Bukuli lidawerengedwa ndi iye yekha, kumenya owerenga ndi kutalika kwa epic web ndi kusanthula kwamaganizidwe. Mkango Tolstoy amadziwika ndi ntchitoyo ngati kuyesa "kulemba mbiri ya anthu."

Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa mkango wonenedwa koyambirira Aninsky, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 okha, ntchito za anthu a ku Russia zidatetezedwa ka 40. Mpaka nkhondo ya 1980 ndi yamtendere "idawombera kanayi. Otsogolera ku Europe, America ndi Russia adawombera mafilimu "Anna Karnina" Anna Karnina "," kuukitsidwa "sikunachitike kawiri.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, "nkhondo ndi dziko lapansi" zidatetezedwa ndi wotsogolera Peter Chardynin mu 1913. Kanema wodziwika bwino wotchuka ndi wotsogolera wa Soviet Sergey Bondlerucki mu 1965.

Moyo Wanu

Pa zokhala zachinyamata wazaka 18 Lelstoy wokwatiwa mu 1862, ali ndi zaka 34. Kuwerengera kumakhala ndi mkazi wake zaka 48, koma moyo wa awiriwo ndi kovuta kutchula mitambo.

Masamba a Sophia ndiye wachiwiri wa ana aakazi atatu a ku Moscow palace kuofesi yachifumu ya Andrei Bersa. Banjali limakhala likulu, koma m'chilimwe chimapuma mu Tulantate Estate pafupi ndi polyna wamba. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mkango Tolstoy adawona mkazi wamtsogolo wa mwana. Mayi Phiri analandila maphunziro apanyumba, werengani kwambiri, kumvetsetsa za zaluso ndipo anamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite ya Moscow. Ma diary, omwe adatsogolera opanga ma mafuta, adadziwika kuti ndi zitsanzo za mtundu wa memoir.

Kumayambiriro kwa banja la banja, Lev Tolstoy, akufuna kuti azikhala pafupi ndi iye ndi mkazi wake, adapereka Sophia kuti aziwerenga zolemba. Mkaziyo adaphunzira za unyamata wambiri wa mwamuna wake, modzipereka ndi njuga, moyo wa anthu wamba komanso mtsikana wamunthu wa aky Nikolalalich mwana.

Sergey woyamba adabadwa mu 1863. Kumayambiriro kwa 1860s Tolstooy adalemba zolemba "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere". Sofya Andreevna anathandiza mwamuna wake, ngakhale ali ndi pakati. Mzimayi amaphunzitsa ana onse ndikuukitsa kunyumba. Ana asanu mwa 13 anamwalira mwa mwana wakhanda kapena wakhanda.

Mavuto m'banjamo adayamba kutha kwa ntchito tolstoy pa "Anna Karenina". Wolemba adayamba kuvutika maganizo, adawonetsa kusakhutira ndi moyo womwe Sophia Andreevna Sophia Andreevna anali wakhama m'sanja. Makhalidwe oponya ma graph adatsogolera kuti Lev NikolayEvich adafuna kuti abale awononge nyama, mowa ndi kusuta. Tolstoor anakakamiza mkazi wake ndi ana kuti azivalira zovala zaluso, zomwe amaganiza kuti apereka malo osungirako anthu wamba.

Sophia Andreevna ayesetsa kuyesetsa kuletsa mwamuna wake pa lingaliro kuti agawire zabwino. Koma mkangano wa banja logawanika: Mkango Tolstoy adanyamuka mnyumbamo. Kubwerera, wolembayo adayika ntchito kuti alembenso zolemba pa ana akazi.

Imfa ya Mwana Wotsiriza - Vanya wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri - pafupi ndi okwatirana. Koma posakhalitsa kugonana komanso kusamvetsetsana kudali kotheratu. Sophia Andreevna adapeza chitonthozo mu nyimbo. Ku Moscow, mayiyo adatenga maphunziro kwa aphunzitsi omwe malingaliro achikondi amaonekera. Maubwenzi awo adakhalabe ochezeka, koma chithunzicho sichinakhululukire Mkazi "wosasunthika".

Routh Rose ropes idachitika kumapeto kwa Okutobala 1910. Mkango Tolstoy adanyamuka mnyumbamo, kusiya kalata yofatsa. Adalemba kuti amamukonda, koma mwina singachite.

Imfa

82 mkango wazaka 82, limodzi ndi dokotala wapadera D. P. Makovitsky adasiyidwa. Ali panjira, wolemba adadwala ndipo adachoka pasitima ku Shipray Station. Masiku 7 apitawa a moyo Lev Nikolayviich adakhala mnyumba ya osamalira. Zokhudza mkhalidwe wa Health Tlstoy adayang'ana dziko lonse.

Ana ndi mkazi wake adafika ku Station Sipovo, koma mkango Tolstoy sanafune kuwona aliyense. Panalibe zodziwika pa Novembala 7, 1910: Adamwalira kutupa kwa m'mapapo. Mnzanuyo adampulumutsa zaka 9. Kuyika mafashoni mu glade wowoneka bwino.

Zolemba za mkango tolstoy

• Aliyense akufuna kusintha anthu, koma palibe amene amaganiza za momwe angadzisinthe.
• Chilichonse chimabwera kwa amene angadikire.
• Mabanja onse achimwemwe ndi ofanana ndi wina ndi mnzake, banja lililonse losasangalala silikusangalala mwanjira yawo.
• Onse aloleni asesere kutsogolo kwa chitseko chake. Ngati aliyense atero, msewu wonse udzakhala woyera.
• Popanda chikondi, kukhala kosavuta. Koma popanda izi palibe chifukwa.
• Ndilibe chilichonse chomwe ndimakonda. Koma ndimakonda zonse zomwe ndili nazo.
• Dziko limapita patsogolo kuthokoza kwa iwo omwe akuvutika.
• Choonadi chachikulu ndi chosavuta kwambiri.
• Onse akumanga mapulani, ndipo palibe amene akudziwa ngati adzakhala ndi moyo kufikira madzulo.

M'bali

• 1869 - "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere"
• 1877 - "Anna Karenina"
• 1899 - "Kuuka kwa Akufa"
• 1852-1857 --85517 - "Ubwana". "Chitetezo". "Achinyamata"
• 1856 - "Husar"
• 1856 - "Landlord Landlord"
• 1863 - "Cossacks"
• 1886 - "Imfa ya Ivan Ilyich"
• 1903 - "Mawu Obera"
• 1889 - Creaticehars Samata
• 1898 - "Abambo Sergius"
• 1904 - "Haji Murat"