Mikhail Lermontov - Biography, Chithunzi, Moyo Wawokha, Mabuku ndi Imfa

Chiphunzitso

Kufananitsa Katundu Wopanga Mikail Lermontov ndi zaka zambiri amakhala, zimawonekeratu kuti ndife anzeru. Mu 10, adalemba zomwe amasewera pabwalo la zisudzo, ku French, Germany ndi Special Classics, utoto wangwiro, mu 15 - sewero mu mavesi ", Mu 24 - Roman "ngwazi ya nthawi yathu" Ndipo nthawi ya 26, Lermontov sanatero.

Ubwana ndi Unyamata

Mikhail Yourthevich Lermontov adabadwa usiku wa Okutobala 15, 1814 ku Moscow. Agogo a wolemba ndakatulo aku Elizaevna Aleksevna ardeen Artenman ali ndi banja labwino la Smolypin. Mtumiki Peter Sheelin account ya wolemba ndakatulo wachiwiri.

Arlizabeth amphamvu ndi olemera arlizabeth arrinabeb sanafune kwa mwana wamkazi yekha wa ukwati ndi Yuri lermontov, asitikali abwino chifukwa chosauka. Ake wochokera ku Scot Georg A Lermontt sanalimbikitse chidaliro chake. Pambuyo pake, makolo aku Britain Oxford adapwaliza ubale wa wolemba ndakatulo ndi Lermonta mothandizidwa ndi DNA kuwunika kwa DNA, kutsimikizira kukayikira kwa arsenya.

Mayiyo atalosera, moyo wa mwana wamkazi wa Masa, "adalumikizana ndi" wokwatiwa ndi votut Yuri Lermontov wazaka 16, sanali wokondwa. Mwamuna wanga adayamba kusintha mzayu kuwukwatirana akangokwatirana. Anayamba buku la namwino waku Germany wa mwana wa Misha, adapanga kumbuyo kwa mayiko. Ndipo mkaziyo atanyozedwa mnzake mkaziyo ku Wease, anakambalala kumaso kwake. Masia wazaka 21 arsenieva, Lertonva amayamba kutha kwa ogula, kusiya nyengo ya zaka ziwiri.

Elizabeth Aleksevna, yemwe nthawi ya mwana wake wamkazi anali ndi zaka 44, anatenga mdzukulu wake pa mpongozi wa kwa Lamulo, atatulutsa ndalama zambiri za letroner pa ma ruble. Yuri adachoka ku malo ochitira masewera a Smolypin, ndipo agogo adayamba kukula kwa Misha. Mkaziyo adapanga mdzukulu wake ndipo sanadandaule ndalama kuti achite maphunziro ndi thanzi lake. Mikail Lermontov adakwera mwana wa golide wagolide, ndipo agogo adalemba agogo a ku Francer Dr. Inselma Levi.

Nthawi zina amayi awo alamuliri nthawi zina ankaloledwa kukumana ndi mwana wake wamwamuna, komwe onse awiri adakumana nawo.

"Ndinayamba kusekedwa," Mikhal Lerontov adadandaula pambuyo pake.

Zaka zazing'ono za ana ndi zamtsogolo, gulu limachitika ku Tarhans mu Province ya Peniza. Elizabeth Alekseevna waganyu aphunzitsi chifukwa cha maphunziro ake. Wankhondo wakale wa napoleonic, Capenman Cape idaphunzitsa mwana wamwamuna French. Atamwalira, malo ake adakumbatirana ndi Shandront Lermontov pambuyo pake adafotokozedwa mu ndakatulo ya "Sasha", ndikuyitanira Marquis de Tess ndi "Paris Adonis". Mtsogoleri wa Chingerezi, amene anadziwitsa mnyamatayo ndi mabuku achingelezi, anasintha Shandro. Kukonda ntchito ya ku Byronon kuchokera ku Lermontov kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi waku Britain.

Mikhail Lermontov adakula, ndikuonera tsiku lobadwa la moyo wa m'mudzimo, kumvetsera kwa anthu wamba ndi nthano za Stegan ndi Emelyan Pubachev.

Cholemba Chozama M'moyo ndi Kupanga Biography ya Mikail Lermontov adasiyira agogo ndi agogo a ku Caucasus. Ku Gorrythevovudsk, mwana wazaka 10 adagwa mchikondi ndipo atatha zaka ziwiri adagwiritsa ntchito ndakatulo yake yoyamba "ku Geus".

Ndakatulo

Mu Seputembara 1828, Mikhail Lermontov adalembetsa m'gulu la 4 la Metropolitan nyumba yolowera. Mu Disembala, mnyamatayo adasamutsidwa ku kalasi yachisanu, ndikupereka chithunzi ndi buku loyandikana. Chaka chino ndi chofunika chifukwa Lermontov anawerenga kuchokera kwa iye chiyambi cha luso.

Mu nyumba ya alendo, mnyamatayo adatengedwa kuti apange magazini olemba pamanja. Mmodzi mwa iwo, wotchedwa "m'mawa Zaryya", ndakatuloyo idakhala wogwira ntchito wamkulu ndikuyika ndakatulo yoyamba "Indiana". Koma patadutsa zaka ziwiri atatembenuka ku nyumba ya alendo ku nyumba yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, Misha idasiya maphunziro ake.

Mikhali yachilimwe cha Mikhaltov yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabusa, ku Estatete serednikovo. Abale a Vereshchagin amakhala pafupi. Ndi Alexandra Vereshchagina Lermontov anali abwenzi. Mtsikanayo adadziwitsa Mikha ndi mnzake, "kukongola Black" Katherine Sushkova, komwe mnyamatayo adamkonda. Maganizo a ophunzira aja sanasiyidwe osayankhidwa, adazunzidwa mosabisa. KatyA adaseka pachikondi, opusa komanso mwana wotchuka. Pambuyo pake Sushkova azindikira kuti adalakwitsa kwambiri, ndikunyoza anyamata achisoni.

Pakugwa kwa 1830, Mikhail Lermontov adalowa ku Yunivesite ya Moscow posankha dipatimenti yamakhalidwe ndi andale. Zaka ziwiri adaphunzira pamodzi ndi vistarion Belinsky, Alexander Hereezed ndi Nikolai Ogarev. Mwa zaka za wophunzira, Leromoniv analemba kuti "munthu wachilendo", pomwe Serfdom adatsutsidwa. Mikhail adawonetsa kupsinjika komanso kusavomerezeka, komwe aphunzitsi adasewera pamayeso: mnyamatayo "adalumikiza.

Kukhala pachaka cha Lermontov anakana ndipo anachoka ku yunivesite, anasamuka ndi agogo ake ku St. Petersburg. Kuyesa kulowa wachiwiri sikunali korona ndi kuchita bwino: Mikhail idaperekedwa kuti ayambe kuyambira loyamba. Palangizo la abwenzi ndi agogo ena, mnyamatayo adalowa sukulu ya alonda akugwirira ntchito ndi mahatchi ankhondo, komwe adaphunzira kwa zaka ziwiri, ndikuwatcha "marshrible" owopsa "chifukwa cha nkhondo yankhondo.

Ku St. Petersburg, wocheperako ndi Suln MikhanV: Mnyamatayo adakhala moyo, mphambu ndikuyendetsa zokongoletsera zake. Malingaliro akuthwa, kukonzeka, kunyoza, wachinyamata wachinyamata anakondwerera anzawo ndi azimayi akulu.

Mu 1835, ntchito za ndakatulo yoyamba zidawoneka mu atolankhani. Comrade Lermontov popanda chidziwitso chake adaperekedwa kwa nkhani ya Stamp "Haji Abrek."

Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la 30s, ndakatulo za Mikail Lermontov imalengeza mofunitsitsa. Otsutsa ndipo owerenga anavomera mwanzeru ndakatulo ya Tsar Ivan Vasalvevich ... ". Mu ndakatulo "mkanga" ("bwenzi langa lino"), ndakatulo "ndi" Dum "ndakatulo zaboma. Mutu wa anthu, munthu waku Russia adatsekeredwa m'manyuzi a Borodino ndi Amayi.

Chitsanzo chomveka bwino cha zachikondi chimatchedwa "vesi" la "zolemba, zolemba zapakhomo". Kuwerenga mizere, ziphuphu zamaganizidwe a wolemba ndakatulo wazaka 18 zimvedwa.

Zaka za moyo wake ku St. Paterburg, Mikhail Lermontov amayang'anira Nyengo za Aristocracy of Aristocraccraccy, zomwe wolemba ndakatulo adalemba mobwerezabwereza, koma sananenerere khoma lofufuza.

Kuyambira kuyambira molawirira kuti Leromoniv okhwima achitika mu 1837, atafafanizira pakufa kwa alexander Pushin. Ndakatulo "Imfa ya Wolemba ndakatulo", yemwe adatsutsa wakupha ndi ufulu wakudziwa, wotchedwa mfundo za letromov za tsoka, werengani Russia yonse. Axamwali a Pustekin ndi mafani a talente yake amakumana ndi ndakatulo yabwino, ndipo adani, kuphatikiza azimayi am'madzi, omwe anali kumbali ya Daning, mokwiya.

Ataphunzira za zoipa za dziko lapansi, Mikhail Lermontov adawonjezeranso lakuthwa. Ndakatulo yoyambayo idatha ndi chingwe: "Pakamwa mwa kusindikiza kwake." Kupitilizabe kunali zovuta za "mbadwa za ana odzikuza": m'mavesi omwe adawona chidwi cha kusinthaku.

Malizani

Pambuyo pa ndakatuloyi, milanduyi idatsata ndi kumangidwa. Emperor Nicholas adaona pambuyo pa njirayi. Agogo a Lermontov ndi abwenzi a Pushtonkin, kuphatikiza Vasily Andreevich zhukovsky, adayesera kufewetsa tsogolo la mikail Leromoniv. Buntar adatumizidwa ku Coucasus, onetsetsani kuti ndi gulu la danda.

Cholumikizira choyamba chidatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, koma zambiri zidasintha Lermontov. Chikhalidwe chowoneka bwino cha Caucasus, moyo wa mapiri, malo am'deralo adawonetsedwa pantchito za "nthawi ya ku Caucasian". Koma achinyamatawo anasungunuka, m'malo mwa "blanolcholy."

Nditabwereranso ku St. Bostersburg Kuwala kwa St. Mikhail Lerontov ali mkati mwa chisamaliro: Amasilira ena ndikudana ndi ena. Caucasus anauzira ndakatulo yolemba ndakatulo yolemba ndakatulo ndikuyamba ku Moscow: "ziwanda" ndi "Amtir" adawonekera, kuwonekeranso nkhani zina.

Pambuyo pa ulalo, Mikhail Lermontov adabweretsa ntchito zatsopano ku St. Petersburg, omwe amasindikizidwa m'magazini iliyonse ya "Zolemba Zam'nyumba". Mikhail Yourtheevich adalowa mozungulira abwenzi a Treat Compkin ndipo ali pachinthu chotchuka. Adakali twepic komanso wonyoza. Kukangana ndi mwana wa kazembe waku France Ernester Ernestem mu February 1840 kunatha mu duele. Lermontov ndi de Bararata adagwirizana ndi mtsinje wakuda, osati kutali ndi malo a Duel Puspkin ndi Dani. Ernest de Bannath adaphonya, ndipo Mikhail Lermontov adawombera pambali.

Za duel adapeza mabwana, wolemba ndakatulo adamangidwa ndikupita kubwalo lankhondo. A Emperi adalamula kuti atumize deueli ku Caucasus kachiwiri, koma tsopano ku gulu lankhondo lomwe linamenya nkhondo kutsogolo. Lermontov adadzipatula yekha, kuwonetsa kulimba mtima, koma mwa dongosolo la Nicholas sanalandire mphoto yoyamba.

Chimodzi mwa ndakatulo zomaliza za ndakatuloyi ndi "ndimatuluka mwanjira ina" - zidawonekera kumapeto kwa Meyi 1841. Otsutsa adawona kuti "Zotsatira za kufuna kwake", komwe makhail lermonvev adagonana mochedwa paulendo wapadziko lapansi. Masabata angapo asanaphedwe, wolemba ndakatuloyo analemba mawu akuti vesi "asindikizidwa zaka ziwiri pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Mabuku

Ku St. Petersburg, popumira pakati pa Nsute, Mikhail Lermontov adalemba ma vadim aku Roma, omwe amafotokoza zochitika za Pugachev Kukula.

Koma Apotheosis of Lermontov ndiye buku la "ngwazi ya nthawi yathu", lolemba mu 1840, patatsala pang'ono kufa. Chithunzi cha Pechorina chikuwonetsedwa chifukwa chosiyanitsa moyo wa Russia. Kutsutsana pakati pa kuya kwa mawonekedwe a pecorin ndi kusabereka kwa zochita ndi kubwereketsa. Kutulutsa kwa bukuli mu kamvekedwe katswiri wazamaganizidwe ndi kuwulula moyo wamaganizidwe a ngwazi, zomwe palibe wolemba ku Russia sanachite.

Nikolai Gogol, mkango Tolstoy ndi Anton Chekhov amasilira Roma.

Moyo Wanu

Mikhail Lermontov analemba kuti:

"Ndinkakonda katatu - katatu popanda chiyembekezo."

Wolemba ndakatuloyo, malinga ndi mafotokozedwe a azimayi a nthawi ndi nthawi, sanapange kukongola. Ma Ember, mfumukazi yakumaso ndi yosangalatsa, kumwetulira sikunakhululukidwe, mnyamata wamanjenje, wofanana ndi mwana woipa komanso woipa.

Atatu achikondi a Lermontov adakwatirana: Ekaterina Sushkov, komwe Mikha adagwa mchikondi pa 16, Mikhalia Ivanova, yemwe adadzipereka ku Ivanova, yemwe adadzipereka kwa ndakatulo Lopuku, omwe mwanga ankakonda mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake.

Sushkova mikhail lermontov anabwezedwa patatha zaka 5. Ataphunzira kuti mtsikanayo akwatiwe, anakhumudwitsa ukwatiwo, amasewera chikhumbo ndipo amadabwa kuti anali wokonda iye. Mkwatibwi adaweramidwa pamaso pa kuwala kwa nthawi yayitali. Mbiri ya ubale wovuta umakumbutsa za chikondi cha buku la The Neves ".

Nkhani yaukwati Valukina Lopukuna wolemba ndakatulo adalandira zowawa. Pamene varvara adakwatirana, lermontov sanamuyitanere ndi dzina la mwamuna wake - Bakhmeva: Okondedwa adakhalabe ndi Loopchire kwa iye.

Imfa

Zima 1840-41 zinali zomaliza za Lermontov. Adabwera kutchuthi kupita ku St. Petersburg, akulota za ntchito yosiya ntchito ndi kulemba. Agogo ake, omwe ankalota za ntchito ya agogo ake osagawidwa ndipo sanapatulidwa ndi mabuku, anamwalira mikhail kuti apereke mlandu. Mu Caucasus Leromonivo anabwerera ndi mtima wodekha.

Ku Pyatigorsk panali kukangana wa Midmoil Lermontov ndi akulu opuma pantchito a Maryynov, omwe adakumana ku Moscow ndipo ngakhale adachezera makolo ake. Pambuyo pake, artynov adati Lermontov sanaphonye mlandu uliwonse ku Pyatigorsk kuti atulutse knight mu adilesi yake.

Adachitika pa Julayi 27, 1841. Otsutsa adavomera kuwombera "zisanachitike." Mikhail Lermontov adawombera, ndi maryynov - pachifuwa cha adani, ndikumupha. Mabingu osweka ndi kuthira kugwalepheretsa kubwera kwa adotolo, ndipo ndakatulo yakufa idakhala kwa nthawi yayitali padziko lapansi.

Pa maliro a Lermontov, mosiyana ndi mavuto a abwenzi, kunalibe mwambo wa mpingo. Ku St. Petersburg, nkhani zonena za imfa ya wolemba ndakatulo adakumana ndi mawu akuti: "Pali njira kwa iye." Malinga ndi zikumbutso za Pavel Vyazemsky, mfumu idaponya kuti: "Galu ndi imfa ya galu," koma atanyoza mfumukazi yayikuluyo idabwera kwa iwo ndikulengeza kuti "wakupha."

Lermontov adayikidwa pa Julayi 29, 1841 pa manda akale a pyatigorsk. Koma atatha masiku 250, agogo a Mikhavich Yurevich adalola mfumu yoyendetsera thupi kuti atengere thupi.

Mu Epulo 1842, thupilo lomwe lili m'bokosi lotsogolera linawotchedwa m'Chipinda cha pabanja, pafupi ndi agogo ndi amayi ake.

Kukumbuka

Mabuku a Lermonfov akhazikikanso ku Rezis. Pomaliza mu 2014: Ntchito zosonkhanitsidwa m'mabuku 4 zosindikizidwa ndi "Pishkin House Kusindikiza Nyumba Yapakatikati" Mu kuchuluka kwa makope 300.

Dzina la Mikhal Yurevich ndi misewu yovala, mabwalo, malaibulale ku Russia ndi Post-Soviet Republics. Ku Odessa, dzina la ndakatuloyi likutchedwa Library ya mumzinda №16 ndi mankhwala a cyelimo.

Pulaneti yaying'ono pa nambala 2222, yotsegulira mu Marichi 1981, dzina lake Lermontov.

Chipilala ku Mikhal Yurevich Lermontov adakhazikitsidwa ku Grozny pa Avenue Mohammed Ali, pafupi ndi M. Yu. Akuluakulu a Letrontov. Pa mzere woyenda wandakatulo:

"Monga nyimbo yokoma imabisidwa ndi yanga, ndimakonda Caucasus!".

M'bali

• "Haji Abrek"
• "Daemon"
• "Mtsyry"
• "Borodino"
• "Nyimbo Yokhudza Tsar Ivan VasalEvich"
• "Ndinaganiza"
• Bala
• "Wofatsa"
• Taman
• "Shit"
• "IZmail Bay"
• "Imfa ya ndakatulo"
• "Ngwazi ya nthawi yathu"