Chiphunzitso
Otsutsa alemba amati makina aluso omwe adapangidwa ndi ndakatulo ya buku la theka lachiwiri la theka lachiwiri la XIX. Ivan Turgenev adayamba kumene kukhala "munthu watsopano" - makumi asanu ndi limodzi - ndikumuwonetsa m'matumba ake "abambo ndi ana." Chifukwa cha wolemba weniweni ku Russia, mawu akuti "Nihist" adabadwa. Ivan Sergeevich adayambitsa chithunzi cha compatriot, omwe adalandira tanthauzo la "Turgenev".Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Chimodzi mwazinthu zamilandu zachikale za ku Russia ku Orel, m'banja wakale, adabadwa. Mwana wa Ivan Sergeevich adachitidwa muzomwe zangoyikidwa kwa Sparkky-lutovinoin pafupi ndi M Tonsk. Adakhala mwana wamwamuna wachiwiri wa atatuwo, wobadwira ku Varavara Lutovinova ndi Sergey Turgenev.
Moyo wabanja wa makolo sanachite bwino. Abambo, omwe adatsuka mkhalidwe wokhala ndi Cavertery, wokwatiwa osati kukongola, koma msungwana wolemera wa Varvar, yemwe anali wamkulu kuposa zaka 6. Pamene Ivan Turgenev atakwanitsa 12, bambo ake adasiya banjali, kusiya mkazi wa ana atatu. Pambuyo 4 zaka, Sergey Nikolay adamwalira. Posakhalitsa, mwana wamwamuna wamng'ono wa Sergey adamwalira ndi khunyu.
Nicholas ndi Ivan anali atagwa - mayiyo anali ndi munthu wonyoza. Anzeru komanso ophunzira anatopa muubwana ndi unyamata amakhala achisoni kwambiri. Abambo Varvara Lutovinova atamwalira mwana wamkazi atakhala mwana. Amayi, okomeza komanso onyoza, chithunzi chomwe owerenga adawona mu nkhani ya Turgenev "Imfa", kukwatiwanso. Ampolowa adadya ndipo sanazengereze kumenya ndikuchititsa manyazi. Si njira yabwino yopezera mwana wawo wamkazi ndi amayi ake. Chifukwa cha nkhanza za amayi ndi kumenya kwa amalume aja, mtsikanayo adathawira kwa amalume ake akunja, omwe adachoka mndende pambuyo pa Imfa zaka 5,000.
Mayi amene sanadziwe mayi ali mwana, ngakhale amakonda ana, makamaka ku Canya, koma anawatembenukiranso kwa iwo monga makolo ake analandiridwira - ana amakumbukiridwa ndi dzanja lokulirapo kwa mayi kwamuyaya. Ngakhale kuti munthu wakwiya, Varvara Petrovna anali mayi ophunzira. Analankhula naye kunyumba kwawo kokha ku French, amafuna kuti chimodzimodzi ku Ivan ndi Nicholas. The Spasky adasunga laibulale yambiri, yopangidwa makamaka ndi mabuku a ku France.
Pamene Ivan Turgenev adakwanitsa zaka 9, banjali lidasamukira ku likulu la nyumbayo kunyalanyaza. Amayi adawerenga kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito ana chikondi cha mabuku. Olemba achi French, Lutovinov-Turgenev adakonza zolembalemba, anali abwenzi ndi vasakovsky ndi mikhail zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna amadziwa bwino ntchito ya Nikolai Karamzin, Alexander Pushin, Nikolai Gogol ndipo adawalemba makalata ndi mwana wake.
Kupanga kwa Ivan Turgenev kunali kudzoza ku Germany ndi France, komwe mwininyumba sanatanong'oneza bondo. Kulemera kwa mabuku aku Russia kupita ku Wolemba zamtsogolo kunatsegula Serfs Camediner Fedor Lobar Lobarov, yemwe adasandulika prototype wa ngwazi ya nkhaniyo "Puburin".
Atasamukira ku Moscow, Ivan Turgenev adatsimikiza ku Guesthose Ivan Krause. Kunyumba ndi mu penshoni patokha, mabizinesi achichepere adadutsa sekondale, ali ndi zaka 15 adayamba wophunzira wa ku Moscow. Paukadaulo wa mabuku, Ivan Turgenev adachitika, kenako adasamukira ku St. Petersburg, komwe adalandira maphunziro akuyunivesite pamaluso a mbiri yakale komanso luso la nzeru.
Mwa zaka za wophunzira, turgenev adamasulira ndakatulo za Shakespeare ndipo Ambuye Bayan ndikulakalaka kukhala ndakatulo.
Atalandira diploma mu 1838, Ivan Turgenev anapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Germany. Ku Berlin, adamvetsera maphunziro a nthano za yunivesite pa malingaliro ndi mafilolope, adalemba ndakatulo. Tchuthi cha Khrisimasi ku Russia ku Russia, Turgenev adapita kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ku Italy, kuchokera komwe adabwerera ku Belin.
Chapakatikati pa 1841, Ivan Turgenev adafika ku Russia ndipo chaka chimodzi adalemba mayeso, atalandira digiri ya master ku yunivesite ya St. Petersburg. Mu 1843, adalandira udindo muutumiki wa mkati, koma chikondi cha kulemba ndi mabuku zidatembenuka.
Malembo
Kwa nthawi yoyamba ivan Turgenev alankhule ndi kusindikiza mu 1836, kunasindikiza ndemanga pa Bukhu la Andrei Muravyov "Ulendo Wopita Ku Malo Opatulika". Patatha chaka chimodzi, ndinalemba ndikufalitsa ndakatulo "Kutha kunyanja", "fyshmagoria pa usiku wa Lunar" ndi "kugona".
Kutchuka kunabwera mu 1843, pamene Ivan Sergeevich adalemba ndakatulo ya Parasha yovomerezedwa ndi Vistarion Belinsky. Posakhalitsa Turgenev ndi Belinsky adayandikira pafupi ndi momwe wolemba wachinyamata adakhalira bambo wa Mwana wa wotsutsa wodziwika. Kusaka kwa Belinsky ndi Nikolai Nekrasov kudakopa Birgenev wa ku Ivan Turgenev: Wolemba adafalikira ndi mbiri yakale "ndi mtsogoleri" ndipo "Breoh".
Ivan Turgenev anabwerera ku Russia mu 1850. Ankakhala mu malo obalabaza, kenako ku Moscow, kenako ku St. Petersburg, komwe ma setery amalemba, omwe amayenda bwino m'maofesi awiri.
Mu 1852, Nikolai Gogol sanali. Ivan Turgenev adayankha pachinthu chomvetsa chisoni, koma ku St. Petersburg, malinga ndi lamulo la woyang'anira ndende, Alexei musina Phatina, adakanidwa kulengeza. Amayesa kulemba nyuzipepala ya Turgenev "vercow verdosti". Wozizwitsa sanakhululukire. Munon-Pushkin yotchedwa Gogol "Wacti Wolemba wa Lagol", osati woyenera kutchulidwa pagulu, komanso adawona lingaliro la chinsinsi choletsa - osati kukumbukira kuti Alexander Publing ndi Mikhail Lermontov munkhani yotseguka.
Woyang'anira adalemba lipoti la Emperor Nikolai I. Ivan Sergeevich, yemwe anali akukayikira chifukwa cha maulendo opita kudziko lina, adabweretsa mkwiyo waukulu pa Serfeddomu, adabweretsa mkwiyo waukulu kwambiri wa oyang'anira.
M'chaka cha chaka chimodzi chomwecho, wolemba adamangidwa kwa mwezi umodzi, kenako adatumiza kunyumba kwa nyumba. Zaka chimodzi ndi theka, Ivan Turgenev anali wopanda kanthu ku Sparkky, zaka 3 analibe ufulu wochokapo.
Zovuta za Turgenev zokhudzana ndi chiletso cha choletsa kufulutsidwa kwa "Hunter Bun" kumasulidwa "buku losiyana ndi nkhani zomwe zidasindikizidwa m'gulu la" Nthawi yofananira "yomwe idasindikizidwa. Kuti mulole kusindikiza buku, Vladimir Lvov Glacinal lvov yomwe idagwira ntchito yoyesedwayo idachotsedwa. Kuzungulira kumaphatikizapo nkhani "Bezhin Luga", "abiyuk", "oimba", "khosi wamba". Payokha, mabukuwo sanali owopsa, koma otengeka pamodzi anali odana.
Ivan Turgenev adalemba kwa akulu ndi ana. Owerenga Achinyamata Saskaik adawonetsa nthano ndi nkhani zochititsa chidwi, "galu" ndi "nkhunda", zolembedwa ndi chilankhulo chochuluka.
M'chinsinsi cha m'mudzimo, katswiri wa "Mumu", komanso New "chisa" .
Kwina, Ivan Turgenev adachoka m'chilimwe cha 1856. M'nyengo yozizira, ku Paris, adamaliza nkhani yosangalatsa "ulendo ku Polesie". Ku Germany, mu 1857, adalemba "ASya" - nkhaniyi idatanthauzira pa moyo wa wolemba zilankhulo zaku Europe. Protototype wa Asa, wobadwa kuchokera mu ukwati wa mwana wamkazi wa Abini ndi munthu wamba, otsutsa amaganiza za mwana wamkazi wa Turgenev ndipo mlongo wina amagwiritsa ntchito zhitov.
Kwina, Cangenev aku Ivan mosamala adatsata chikhalidwe cha Russia, adachita makalata omwe adatsala mdzikolo, adalumikizana ndi osamukira kudziko lina. Ogwira nawo ntchito adaganizira za umunthu wotsutsana. Pambuyo pa kusiyanasiyana kwa malingaliro ndi osintha a "nthawi zamakono", omwe adakhala osinthika a demokalase, Turgenev adasokonekera ndi magaziniyo. Koma, ataphunzira za chiletso cha "nthawi ya nthawi yanthawi ya", adayankhula podzitchinjiriza.
M'moyo wa West, Ivan Sergeevich adalowa mkangano wautali ndi LV TOLstoy, Fedor Dostoevsky ndi Nicholas Nekrasov. Kutulutsidwa kwa bukuli, "abambo ndi ana", adakangana ndi anthu omwe adalemba polemba pang'onopang'ono.
Ivan Turgenev woyamba wa olemba ku Russia adalandira kuvomerezedwa ku Europe ngati wolemba buku. Ku France, adayandikira kwa omwe adalemba, kuteteza, abale a ma Jangle, Emil Zol ndi Gustave fuureber, yemwe adakhala mnzake wapamtima.
Chapakati pa 1879, Turgenev adadza ku St. Petersburg, komwe mnyamatayo adakumana naye ngati chipilala. Kusangalala ndi kuchezeredwa kwa wolemba wotchuka sikugawana maboma, kupatsa Ivan Sergeevich kuti amvetsetse kuti kukhalapo kwakale kwa wolemba mu mzindawu ndikosavomerezeka.
M'chilimwe cha chaka chomwecho, Tuvan Turgenev adachezera ku Britain - mu Yunivesite ya Oxford, proser waku Russia dzina la dokotala wa Holorary adaperekedwa.
Munthawi yanthawi yayitali, Turgenev adabwera ku Russia mu 1880. Ku Moscow, adapita kutsegulira chipilalachi kwa Alexander Pushinkin, omwe iye adawawona mphunzitsi wamkulu. Cilankhulo cha Russia chotchedwa chithandizo ndi chothandizira "pa masiku a malingaliro owawa" za tsogolo la mayi.
Moyo Wanu
Mkazi wamaphenga amene wakonda kwambiri moyo wonse wa wolemba, Heinrich Heine poyerekeza ndi malowo, "onse okwiya komanso osowa". Woyimba waku Spanland waku Polina Viardo, mkazi wotsika komanso wotsika, anali mawonekedwe a amuna akulu, pakamwa ndi maso. Koma popina adang, adasandulika modabwitsa. Pakadali pano, Turgenev adawona woimbayo ndipo adakonda moyo wawo wonse, zaka 40 zotsalira.
Moyo wa Proda usanamene ndi Viardo anali ofanana ndi akwati aku America. Chikondi choyamba chomwe Ivan Turgenev ndi mandala adauzidwa m'nkhaniyi, amapweteketsa mwana wazaka 15. Anayamba kukondana ndi woyandikana ndi Katten, mwana wamkazi wa PriugiginI Shakhovskaya. Ndi chokhumudwitsa chachikulu chotani nayo atazindikira kuti katya "yake yoyera" ndi kufooka kwa ana a ana ndipo anali ndi vuto la abambo, - mbuye wa Sergeyevich, Holdlay.
Mnyamatayo anakhumudwitsidwa mgulu la "mdindo" ndipo anasandutsa atsikana osavuta - mpanda wachisangalalo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zokongola ndi avdota Ivanov - adabereka mwana wamkazi wamkazi wa Ivan Turogia. Koma, akuyenda ku Europe, wolemba adakumana ndi Viardo, ndipo avdota adakhalabe m'mbuyomu.
Ivan Sergeevich adakumana ndi mwamunayo, Louis, nakhala woipa m'nyumba yawo. Anthu a nthawi ya Turgenev, abwenzi ndi olemba mabuku azomwe adalemba nawo amagwirizana ndi malingaliro okhudza mgwirizanowu. Ena amamutcha kuti sublime ndi platonic, ena amalankhula za kuchuluka kwa malo omwe adasiya mwiniwake wa ku Russia kunyumba ya Polina ndi Louis. Mwamuna wa Viardo kudzera zala zake adayang'ana cholumikizira cha Turgenev ndi mkazi wake ndikuloledwa kukhala kwawo kwa miyezi yambiri. Amakhulupirira kuti bambo wofala m'mundawo, mwana wa Polina ndi Louis - Ivan Turgenev.
Amayi a wolemba sanavomereze kulumikizana komanso kulota kuti cholakwacho chikanakhazikika, kukwatiwa ndi mkokomo wachinyamata komanso kumapereka zidzukulu zovomerezeka. Pelagey valvara petrovna sanadandaule, adawona self mmenemo. Ivan Sergeevich wokondedwa ndi pepani mwana wake wamkazi.
Polina viardo, akumvera kunyoza agogo achinyengo, amalowa mchifundo ndi mtsikanayo ndipo adapita naye kunyumba kwake. Pelagia adasandulika poltinte ndipo adakula limodzi ndi ana a Viardo. Mwachilungamo ndikofunika kudziwa kuti Pelagia-Polynet Turgenev sanalole chikondi cha Atate wake pa Viardo, ndikukhulupirira kuti mzimayiyo adampanda chidwi cha munthu wake.
Kuzizira mu maubale a Turgenev ndi Viardo adabwera atapatulidwa kwa zaka zitatu, zomwe zidachitika chifukwa chomangidwa kunyumba kwa wophunzirayo. Kuyesa kuyiwala kuphedwa kwa matenda a Ivan Turgenev kunatenga kawiri. Mu 1854, wolemba wazaka 36 anakumana ndi mwana wamkazi wa Olga, mwana wamkazi wa msuweni. Koma ukwati utatha kumapeto, Ivan Sergeevich adafinyidwa pa polina. Posafuna kuphwanya moyo wa mtsikana wazaka 18, turgenev anavomereza chikondi cha viardo.
Kuyesa komaliza kuthawa m'manja mwa mkazi wachifalansa kunachitika mu 1879, pomwe Ivan Turgenev adakwanitsa zaka 61. Adferess Maria Favini sachititsa kusiyana pakati pa zaka - okondedwa adayamba kukhala wamkulu kawiri. Koma pamene banja mu 1882 adapita ku Paris, Masha adawona zinthu zambiri ndi baubles omwe adafanana ndi mnzake yemwe anali mnzake wamtsogolo, ndipo adazindikira kuti anali wopanda pake.
Imfa
Mu 1882, atasiyanitsidwa ndi Savon, Ivan Turgenev adadwala. Madokotala amazindikira chidwi cha khansa ya msana. Anamwalira wolemba pahatchi yakunja kwa nthawi yayitali komanso yopweteka.
Mu 1883, turgenev idagwira ntchito ku Paris. Miyezi yotsiriza ya moyo wa Ivan Turgenev anali wokondwa monga momwe ululu wachimwemwe umakhalira - pafupi ndi iye anali mkazi wokondedwa. Pambuyo paimfa, adalandira katundu wa turgenev.
Ophunzirawo adamwalira pa Ogasiti 22, 1883. Thupi lake linatengedwa kupita ku St. Petersburg pa Seputemba 27. Kuchokera ku France kupita ku Russia Ivaan Turgenev anapita limodzi ndi mwana wamkazi wa Polina, Claudia Viardo. Kuikidwa m'manda wolemba wa St. Petersburg mmbulo.
Alexander II, amene adatcha Turgenev "Behmu pa diso lake, adalabadira kumwalira kwa Nigilista popuma.
M'bali
- 1855 - "Rudin"
- 1858 - "Chisa Chosangalatsa"
- 1860 - "Pa Hava"
- 1862 - "Abambo ndi Ana"
- 1867 - "Utsi"
- 1877 - "NOY"
- 1851-73 - "Wosaka Kwambiri"
- 1858 - "ASya"
- 1860 - "chikondi choyamba"
- 1872 - "Mabala"