Chiphunzitso
Kalonga wa Moscow Ivan ine Danilovich Kalita adatchuka kwambiri m'mbiri monga wolamulira, wokulitsa gawo la mkhalidwewo. Adakhazikitsa ubale ndi ma prin. Mu 2001, Ivan Kalitu adamangidwa pamaso pa oyera mtima moscow.
Uvan Kalita, wobadwira ku Moscow, siwodabwitsa kwa olemba mbiri. Unali lungu wamba, adakula m'banja la Prince Danillele Alexandrovich ndi wolamulira wa wolamulirayo. Ali mwana, mnyamatayo amamvanso nkhani zonena za Chitata, zomwe kenako kenako zinawaukira ku Russia. Akulu ambiri aopa. Kunali kosangalatsa kwa Ivan Wamng'ono, ngakhale koyambirira kwa ubwana mwana amene mnyamatayo adawona kulanda kwa Moscow.
Kupatula kaya mwana, bambo ake adauza wolamulira wamtsogolo pazomwe zidachitika m'boma. M'zaka 3, mwanayo adavala kavalo ndipo adayamba kuphunzitsa mahatchi. Pambuyo pa mwambowu, mnyamatayo adasamukira kwa anthu osamalira anthu. Aphunzitsi adalipira kwambiri zoyambira, monga Pronce Daniel moscow amafuna kuti awone kumutu wa Ivan, ndipo osati mwana wamwamuna woyamba wa Yuri.
Ivan Kalita anayenda osasangalatsa komanso kuweruza Junc mosiyana ndi mchimwene wake, omwe amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe osayembekezeka, owopsa. Mu 1303 Daniel amwalira. Yuri wazaka 21 adzapemphedwa kuti mpandowachifumu, ndipo Ivan wazaka 15 wakhala wothandizira wa Prince. Ngakhale Mbale wamkulu anali atachoka, Ivan adateteza Peresavl. Khalidwe lovuta, kukonzekera kwakukulu kunathandizira kuti zipulumuke, ngakhale kuli anthu ambiri.
Kukambirana kwa makanema ndi Khana kumabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa. Paulendo wopita ku Goldede Gorde, wolamulira watsopanoyo waphedwa. Mpando wachifumu umadutsa, monga momwe Danieli Moscow, mwana wamng'ono - Ivan Kalita.
Bungwe Lolamulira
Ivan Kalita ndi wolamulira wachilendo. Kuyambira masiku oyamba, Kalonga sanagonjetse madera atsopano, koma adayamba kulimbikitsa Orthodoxy. M'malo mwa wolamulira wochokera ku Vladimir, mzinda wa mzinda wa Vladimir adakhazikika ku Vladimir. Chifukwa chake, mzindawu unasandulika kukhala likulu la ku Russia. Ulamuliro wa Moscow wachuluka.
Mavuto okhala ndi gawo la malo adayamba mu 1327, pomwe anthu adapandukira ku TV, ndipo pambuyo pake adapha kazembe wa Doucasdor. Ivan Kalita adapita ku Khakha, yemwe adapereka zolembera kwa wolamulira ku chinthu chabwino. Pamodzi ndi Suzdalans, kalonga anafesa Tver, pomwe Alexander Mikhailovich tende adathawa ku chilango chomwe chathawira ku PSKOORD (pambuyo pake ku Pskov).
Patatha chaka chimodzi, Khan Uzbek anaganiza zogawanikana kwambiri pakati pa Ivan ndi Alexander Vasalvich Suzdal. Novgorod ndi Kalita, kalonga wachiwiri ndi Nizny Novgorod ndi abodetsi. Mu 1331, alexander Vasasachich amwalira, mpandowachifumuwo amakhala Konstantin. Pakadali pano, maderawo amagogomeza kwa mfumukazi ya Suzdal abwerera ku Grand Duchy.
Mu nthawi ya 1328 mpaka 1330, Ivan Kalita akumaliza maukwati awiri - ana aakazi akwatire Vasily Yaroslavsky ndi Konstantin Rostovsky. Maganizo ndi opindulitsa wolamulira, popeza amwalira athetsedwapo za kalonga. Kusamvana pakati pa Moscow ndipo Novgorod adafika pachimake mu 1331.
Kusamvana kunayamba ndi kukana kwa metropolitan Feoganost kuyika bishopu wa Novgorod HARENIA. Positi idapereka Kalics Kalics. Pakadali pano, Kalita akuwonetsa zofunikira pakulipira kwa Dani. Kukana kumatsogolera ku mkwiyo wa wolamulira - kalonga amaikidwa patsogolo ndi gulu lankhondo ku Nivgorod kumtunda. Sizinabwere kwa ziwengo, monga Ivan adakonzekera kuthetsa nkhani ya dziko lapansi.
Khalidwe la Kalita, lomwe, ukwati wa Mwana wa Shemeyoni, mwana wamkazi wa Gegedini, anali ndi nkhawa ndi mantha a Novgorod. Olamulira adaganiza zoti achite: Pempholi lidatsatiridwa ndi napamuta wa Nayi, yemwe adapatsidwa linga la mtedza, ladoga, koroloucis, theka la Corgana. Pobwerera, Alexander Natintnovich adayamba kusintha, pomwe abambo ake adakhala ku Lithuania. Chithandizo cha Union Novgorod sanadikire. Marmaist sanabwere kudzalimbana ndi ku Swees ndikuchotsa mwana kuchokera kumayiko.
Mu 1336 okha, pambuyo pa metropolitan Feogunut adalowererapo, dziko limadza pakati pa Novgorod ndi Kalita. Prince Ivan amalandila msonkho womwe mukufuna komanso mutu wa Wolamulira wa Novgod. A Gedimine anayesa kubwezera pa Nivgorod Land Dziko Lapansi Lonse Lonse Lonse Lonse Lonse Lonse Lonse Lonse Lonse Lalikazi, koma Nkhondo Sanayambikenso.
Mu 1337, Terver Tver, pamodzi ndi mwana wake wamwamuna. Khan adalandira chisankho chotere pambuyo pa pansi pa Ivan Kalita. Posakhalitsa kalonga amabwerera ku Moscow. Mwa dongosolo la wolamulirawo, belu limachotsedwa mu mpingo wa St. Mpulumutsi ndikupita ku likulu. Kalita atsogoleri a Alexander Mikhailovich.
Pachipatala cha Kalita pali ntchito yopambana kwambiri yolimbana ndi akalonga. Mu 1339, gulu lankhondo la Moscow linatumizidwa ku usilenk chifukwa chosafuna kupereka msonkho kwa Horde. Mikangano pakati pa Novgorod ndi Moscow imabadwanso. Sizinali zotheka kuthetsa mkangano wa Ivan mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo.
Ndondomeko Ivan Kalita amatchedwa Hisonious. Kalonga wopezeka m'gawo la Moscow State amamanganso akachisi: Mpulumutsi wa Mpulumutsi pa Bor, lingaliro la Mittalel, Arkhangelskyskysky Cathergy. Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro (kuyambira 1328 mpaka 1340), Moscow New Kremlin kuchokera ku Oak akukoka Kalita. Wolamulirayo mwachindunji ndi chikhulupiliro. Patangotsala pang'ono kumwalira kwa Ivan lembani Uthenga wa Siya. Tsopano Malembo ali mu library of the Russian Academy of Sayansi.
Anthu a Kalitis a Kalitis amadziwika ndi wolamulira ngati wosinthika komanso wopitilira kamkulu. Han horde wolemekezeka ndi wodalirika wa muscovite. Zinandithandizira kupulumutsa Moscow ku ziwonetsero za ziwonetserozo. Zochitika za omwe adakula zidakula, kusakhutira kunasowa. Ivan Danilovich adachotsa mfumukaziyo kuti isatengere ndi nkhondo kwa zaka 40. Kalita mopanda mantha ndi otsutsa, chizolowezi chovuta chidayimitsidwa chifukwa cha Dani.
Ivan ndidapita kale pamtunda pamtunda wina, kuphatikizapo novgorod, tver ndi Pskov. Pa zaka za ulamuliro, kalonga wapeza chuma, omwe adalowa ndi ana ndi zidzukulu zomwe adabadwa, kuphatikiza Dmitry Donskoy. Povomereza wolandira wolowa m'malo mwake, kunali kofunikira kuti Kalita Condad mu akalonga ena.
Moyo Wanu
Ivan Kalita adaphatikizidwa ndi ukwati kawiri. Mu 1319, Elena adakhala wolamulira. Mbiri yakale poyambira mtsikanayo sanasungidwe. Anali ndi ana amuna anayi, Simiyoni, Danieli, Ivan ndi Andrei. Matenda osadziwika amayamwa thanzi la mnzanu wamfumu.
Mu 1332, Elena adamwalira, ndipo chaka chotsirizira Ivan adakwatirana. Zosankhazo zinali Ulyana. Ana aakazi anayi adawonekera muukwati - Maria, Eudokia, Bongoodia, Feotinia. Kalita ndi mwayi wanu woperekedwa ndi atsikana okwatirana. Kalonga anakweza mkhalidwe wokhawo - wolamulira adzayang'anira mabomawo.
Imfa
Miyezi ingapo isanatiphedwe ya Ivan Kalita adatenga positi. Kupewa kufalitsa pakati pa ana, wolamulira amagawa malo panthawi ya moyo. Simiyoni akunyadira atakhala kuti ali cholowa chachitatu. Abambo adamsiya kukhala wotsogolera ana aang'ono. Kalita pa zomwe zidachitika. Kugawana kotereku kunatheka kuti tipewe kuphwanya mfundo ya Mosew. Imfa ya Kalonga idabwera mu Marichi 1340. Malirowo adachitikira ku Arkhangelsk Cathedral, yomangidwa pamalamulo a ivan i.
Nkhaniyi siyikudziwa wina wolamulirayoyo, monganso kungokhalira kukhulupirika kwa Moscow. Mzindawu unasinthidwa panthawi yaulamuliro wa Ivan Kalita. Kuphedwa kwankhanza kwa otsutsa sikunachite kalonga pazaka za boma, mosiyana ndi mchimwene wake. Kuchokera ku Ivan ndinapita mwambo wopereka wolamulira wa Nickname. Kalita amatanthauza chikwama kapena chikwama chachikopa chosungira ndalama.
Wosaiwalika
Pali nthano, malinga ndi momwe Kalondera adamva munthu wowolowa manja.
"M'nyengo yotentha 6837 (i.e. mu 1329 - pafupifupi.) Pulonce Great Ivan Danilovich ndikuyimirira ku Torzky. Ndipo anadza kwa Iye ndi kupulumutsidwa kopatulidwa ndi mbale, amuna 12 pa phwando. Ndipo iwo anafuula amuna 12, nangonamizira kuti: "Mulungu andipatse chilimwe kwambiri mpaka kalonga wamkulu wa Ivan Danilovich onse Russia. Vasto, akudyetsa awo. " Ndipo mkulu wa wamkulu adafunsa kayara ndi anthu okalamba a Novotorger: "Kodi anthu awa adabwera kwa ine?"
Ndipo adamuwuza anyamata a Novotorzotei: "Uyu ndi Mr., akuyerekeza Mpulumutsi Woyera, ndipo chikho chinawapatsa kuti abwerere 40 kuchokera ku Yerusalemu." Ndipo mkulu wa wamkulu pa iye anayang'ana mbale yawo, ikani pamutu wake, nati: "Chiyani, abale, tengani chopereka changa pa mbale iyi?" Chosambidwa: "Tikumva chisoni chiyani, kenako nkutenga." Ndipo kalonga wa wamkulu adawapatsa Hryv, ndipo pitani kwa sabata iliyonse ndikunditengera mbale ziwiri, ndipo wachitatu. Pitani kwa abwanamkubwa anga ndi kusangalala ndi maukwati, ndipo dzitengereni mbale zitatu za mowa. "
Kukumbuka
M'masiku amenewo, olamulirawo adawonetsedwa pazithunzi, kotero mutha kungoganiza kuti Ivan Kalita adayang'ana mu chithunzi. Chifukwa cha anthu a nthawi ya antchito a Kalonga sanachite, koma adafotokoza mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Kalita ndi munthu wowerengera, wosiyana ndi malingaliro. Wolamulirayo adatchedwa Wachisoni. Kalita nthawi zambiri amafikira osauka panthawi yoyenda ku Russia. Zofunsa za anthu adayesetsa kuchita. Munthu yemweyo Ivan ndidawauza kangapo.
M'dziko lamakono lokhudza wolamulira wa Moscow asaiwale. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri apanga galimoto yapadera pamtengo wa Mosevich. Galimoto yotchedwa "Moskvich" Ivan Kalita ". Mu 2006, kudera la Moscow kwa nthawi yoyamba, dongosolo la Ivan Kalita lidaperekedwa, mendulo ya dongosolo la Ivan Kalita.