Chiphunzitso
Richard ing Heang - Chingerezi mfumu yazanthete, amalamulidwa ndi England mu 1189-1199. Dzina la Richard limakhalabe m'mbiri, osati chifukwa cha kupambana kotsogozedwa ndi Atate ndi m'bale. Mtima wa mkango unadziwika chifukwa cha chikondi cha ulendo, wachikondi komanso wolemekezeka, kuphatikiza modabwitsa, chiwerewere komanso nkhanza. Chithunzi cha mfumu ya olimba mtima kunasungunuka mumzere wake Shakespeare:"Ndani wamphamvuyonse ndi leoxtrictible ndi leo, ndani kuchokera pachifuwa cha mkango popanda kuwoloka mtima wachifumu ...".Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Richard, mwana wamwamuna wachitatu wa Henry II English ndi Alienora Aquitan, adabadwa pa Seputembara 8, mwina, mwina, m'ndende ya Biamomon mu Oxmomomont mu Oxfordt. Richard anawononga gawo lalikulu la moyo m'malire a Chingerezi. Muli ndi maphunziro abwino, adalemba ndakatulo - ndakatulo ziwiri za Richard ndidasungidwa.
Mfumu yamtsogolo ya England inali mawonekedwe osakwanira komanso apamwamba (kukula - pafupifupi 193 cm, tsitsi la blonde ndi maso abuluu). Amadziwa zilankhulo zakunja zambiri, koma Chingerezi sichikhala nacho. Amakonda zikondwerero za tchalitchi, miyambo, anayimba nyimbo za tchalitchi.
Mu 1169, Mfumu Heinrich II idagawa dziko la Duchy: Mwana woyamba wamwamuna dzina lake Enry adayenera kukhala mfumu ya England, ndipo Jeffrey adalandira Brittany. Makina ndi County Poi adapita ku Richard. Mu 1170, mchimwene wake wa Richard anali wovekedwa korona monga Heinrich III. Mphamvu yeniyeni ya Heinrich III sanalandire ndikudzutsa chiumbuchi motsutsana ndi Heinrich II.
Mu 1173, mfumuyi yam'tsogolo mfumu, yolimbikitsidwa ndi amayi ake, adalimbikitsidwa adakumana ndi adaniwo ndi M'bale Jeffrey. Heinrich II adabwelera ana ake aamuna. M'ngululu ya 1174, atagwira mayi, Alienora Akvitan, Richard anali woyamba wa abale kuti adzipereke kwa Atate wake ndikupempha kuti andikhululukire. Heinrich II anasankha mwana wopandukayo ndipo ananyamuka kumanja. Mu 1179, Richard adalandira mutu wa Duke Aquitania.
Kuyambira Board
Chapakatikati pa 1183, Heinrich III adamwalira, nasiya malo mu mpando wachifumu wa Chingerezi Richard. Heinrich II adauza Richard kupatsa bolodi ku County ku chiwidzi kwa m'bale wanga. Richard adayankha ndi kukana, zomwe zimakhala kuti zimatsutsana pakati pake ndi Jeffrey ndi John. Mu 1186, Jeffrey adamwalira pampikisano wa Knight. Mu 1180, korona wa France adalandira Philip II Ogasiti. Ankayerekezera chuma cha Heinrich II, Filip Plal chidwi chidwi ndikukhazikitsa Richard kutsutsana ndi Atate.
M'chigawo cha Richard, dzina lina linasungidwa - Richard Inde-ndipo ayi, amene anachitira umboni za tsogolo la mfumu ya mfumu ya mfumu. Mu 1188, Richard ndi Filipo anayamba nkhondo yomenyana ndi mfumu ya England. Heinrich adalimbana kwambiri, koma adagonjetsedwa kuchokera ku French. Malinga ndi mgwirizano ndi mafumu a Felipe of France ndi England kusinthana kwamindandanda.
Kuona dzina la mwana wa Yohane wa Yohane, wodwala Heinrich I Shale, akutsogozedwa ndi mndandanda wa oyang'anira. Atagona masiku atatu, mfumu ya Julayi 6, 1189 idamwalira. Atayika atayika Atate m'manda a Abbey mopanda mantha, Richard adapita ku Roma 20, 1189, adapatsa mutu wa Herman.
Ndale Ndale
Bolodi la England Richard Ndinayamba ndi kumasulidwa kwa mayi, kutumiza ndi malangizo a Winherter William Desmal. Omwe Abambo a Abambo Amwiri Omwe Ankakhululukidwa, kupatula ErienEE de Marsai. Baron, yemwe adapita kumbali yake mu mkangano ndi Heinrich II, Richard, m'malo mwake, osavomerezeka, amalandilidwa. Anasiya chisoti chachifumu cha malonda a atsogoleriwo, potero amatsutsa kuperekedwa kwa Atate.
Choyera, kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Mwana kudzanja lamanja kuti likhale lopanda chinyengo, ndipo amayenda kuzungulira dzikolo ndikumasula akaidiwo nthawi ya ulamuliro wa mwamuna wake. Richard adachimwa mu Ufulu wa mabasi osowa katundu wa henry, adabweza ma bishopo ku England, omwe adathawa kuchoka ku chizunzo.
Pa Seputembara 3, 1189, Richard ndidadzaza ku Westminster Abbey. Zikondwerero pa nthawiyo ku Beeno kuphiridwa ndi anthu achiyuda ku London. Bokosilo linayamba ndi kufufuza mosungiramo ndalama ndi lipoti la olamulira m'maiko achifumu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, kuteteza kwachuma kunalemedwa chifukwa chogulitsa nsanamira pagulu. Akuluakulu ndi oimira mpingo, omwe anakana kulipirira pamalowo, anapita kundende.
Munthawi ya ulamuliro wa England, Richard anali mdziko lapansi osapitilira chaka. Bungweli latsitsidwa pa chopereka mu Chuma ndi kukonza gulu lankhondo ndi zombo. Kuchoka mdzikolo, kusiya ulamuliro wa Mkulu wamkazi John ndi bishopu wa Ili. Panthawi yomwe analipo, olamulira adatha kumvera. Nthawi yachiwiri idafika ku England Richard mu Marichi 1194. Kubwera kwa mfumu kunaphatikizidwa ndi ndalama inanso yochokera kwa Vassal. Pakadali pano, njira zotsatira zake zinali pankhondo ya Richard ndi Filipo. Nkhondoyo inatha nyengo yozizira ya 1199 ndi chigonjetso cha Britain. The French adabweza katundu kuchokera ku korona wa Chingerezi.
Ndondomeko zakunja
Richack ine, ndikupita kuzungulira mpandowachifumu, dremil za kudzula ku dziko loyera. Kukonzekera, kutolera ndalama pogwiritsa ntchito Scotland yogonjetsedwa ndi Heinrich II, Richard adapita mumsewu. MFUMU ya Fraip II idathandizira lingaliro la kupita kudziko lapansi loyera.
Kuphatikiza kwa a Cresch ndi ku Britain kunachitika ku Burgundy. Gulu lankhondo la Filipo ndi Richard linali ndi asitikali okwana 100. Wokhala ku Bordeaux wamaliro wokhulupirika wina ndi mnzake, mafumu a France ndi England adaganiza zopita kunyanja. Koma nyengo yoipa idaletsa mikangano. Ndinayenera kukhala nthawi yozizira ku Sicily. Kuyenda nyengo yoyipa, gulu lankhondo lidapitilira ulendowu.
A French yemwe adafika ku Palestina asanayambe pa Epulo 20, 1191 ndi miyala ya maekala. Richard anali atamenyedwa nthawi ino ndi wonyenga wa ku Muspuoti, Mfumu Isaki. Mwezi wa ziwonetserozi unavekedwa korona ndi chigonjetso cha Britain. Richard anayamba kudya kwambiri ndipo analamula mkhalidwe wa ufumu wa ku Kurisi. Popeza tadikirira ma ries, pa June 8, 1191, French adayambitsa nkhondo zonse. Acre anagonjetsedwa ndi mikangano pa Julayi 11, 1191.
Poyamba a Philippip adagwirizana ndi Richard. Komabe, patapita kanthawi, mwadzidzidzi akunena za matendawa, mfumu ya ku France inagwera kunyumba, ndikutenga a Crusader Ambiri. Richard adangokhalabe ndi zikwi 10 zokha zomwe zimatsogozedwa ndi Mtsogoleri wa Burgundy.
Gulu lankhondo lankhondo, lija la Richard, linapambana chigonjetso chimodzi pa Saratiins. Posakhalitsa asilikali abwera ku Yerusalemu - lingalilo la Sealon. Omenyera nkhondo adakumana ndi gulu lankhondo 300-adani. Kupambana kunapambana gulu lankhondo la Richard. Saiziya anathawa, nasiya ma 40,000 anaphedwa pankhondo. Richard adamenya nkhondo ngati mkango, zoopsa pankhondo. Kuyenda m'mbali mwa mzindawo, mfumu ya Chingerezi idafika kwa Yerusalemu.
Kuyimitsa ankhondo a Crusaders pafupi ndi Yerusalemu, Richard adadya gulu lankhondo. Asitikali anali mu chinthu chonyansa: kampeni yanjala, yotalika. Panalibe zida zopanga mfuti zazikulu. Ndinazindikira kuti kuzinga mzinda wa Yerusalemu sikukadalamula, Richard adalamula kuti achoke ku mzindawu ndikubwerera kwa achipolipo kale.
Mosavuta, kumenyana ndi Saracnov pansi pa Juffa, Richard adamaliza pa Seputembara 2, 1192 ndi chinyengo kwa zaka zitatu ndi Sultan Saladin. Pakati pa mgwirizano ndi Sultan, doko la Palestine ndi Syria adakhalabe mu mphamvu ya Akhristu. Apaulendo achikristu amatumizidwa ku Yerusalemu chitetezo chotsimikizika. Mtima wa Mkango woponderezedwa wa Richard udawonjezera malo achikristu pamtunda wa zaka zana.
Zochitika ku England amafuna kuti Ruchard abwerenso. Mfumuyo inapita kunyumba pa Okutobala 9, 1192. Paulendowu, adalowa m'm namondwe ndipo adayiponyedwa panthanga. Wasintha ndi wapaulendo, adayesa kudutsa umwini wa mdani wa korona wa Chingerezi - Leopold Austria. Richard anazindikira ndipo anatsutsidwa m'masamba. Mfumu yaku Germany ya Heinrich VI idalamulira Richard ndikuyika mfumu ya Chingerezi kupita ku ndende imodzi yamiyala yake. Ophunzirawo adagulidwa ndi Mfumu Richard Rakes 150,000. Kubwerera kwa mfumu ku England Vassala kunadabwitsa.
Moyo Wanu
Dzanja la Richard linatero akwatibwi ambiri. Mu Marichi 1159, Henry II adamaliza pangano ndi Barcelona kuwerengera za ukwati wa Richard ndi mmodzi wa ana ake aakazi. Mapulani a mfumuyakale sanakwaniritsidwe. Mu 1177, Abambo Alexander III anakakamiza Henry II kuti avomereze za ukwati pakati pa mwana wamkazi wa Louis Vele ndi Richard.
Pakangopita kwa Adele, Dunch Duchy wa mabulosi adaperekedwa. Ndipo ukwatiwu sunachitike. Pambuyo pake, Richard anayesa kukwatira kaye pa Mago, mwana wamkazi wa ziphuphu, atangofika pachimake. Kenako ndi mwana wamkazi wa Friedrich Bardoresa.
Mkazi wa Richard - Alienora anasankha mkazi wake kwa mfumu. Mayi a mfumukazi adaganizira kuti madera a Navarre, omwe ali kumalire akumwera a Aquitaine, adzateteza katundu wake.
Chifukwa chake, Richard pa Meyi 12, 1191 ku Kupro anakwatirana ndi Brerenaria Navarre, mwana wamkazi wa Asitikali a Naviarre Sancho VI VIIL. Kunalibe ana muukwati, Richard adakhala kanthawi pang'ono ndi mkazi wake. Mwana wamwamuna yekhayo wa mfumu - Philip de cognac - adabadwa kuchokera ku kulumikizana kwakutali ndi Amelia de cognac.
Imfa
Malinga ndi nthano, Richard, adanyamula gawo ku France, adapeza chuma cha golide ndikutumiza gawo la Ambuye wamkulu. Richard amafuna kupatsa golide wonse. Atakana kukana, mfumu inapita kumpoto kwa linga isanatuluke ndi Likioge, kumene, mwina chuma zidasungidwa.
Pa tsiku lachinayi la kuzingidwa kwa Richard nthawi ya kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kake, Barnch Torre Barre adalowetsedwa mu zida zamvula. Pa Epulo 6, 1199, mfumuyo idamwalira pachaka cha 42 cha moyo kuchokera ku matenda amwa. Pafupifupi kufa kunali mayi wazaka 77 wa dziko lofanana.
Kukumbuka
- Ibergo (Roman Walter Scott)
- "Talisman" (Roma Walter Scott)
- "Kusaka Mfumu" "(Vorus Phiri la Vidil)
- Richard Mkango Mtima (buku la Maurice Yolet)
- Richard I, King Chingerezi "(a Opera Gener)
- Richard Mkango Mtima (Opera Andre Gretri)
- "Mkango M'nyengo yozizira" (Sewerani ndi James Goldman)
- "Robin Hood - Prince akuba" (filimu Reynolds filimu)
- "Ballada wa khwinja lamphamvu ya Avengo" (kanema wotsogozedwa ndi Sergey Tarasova)
- "Ufumu wa kumwamba" (Filow Ridley Scott)
- "Adventures rin hood" (kanema michael carta)