Chiphunzitso
Mpainiya wa nthawi yatsopano, wasayansi wa Chingerezi Fincis Beckon nthawi ya asayansi amadziwa makamaka njira zasayansi pophunzira chilengedwe Chitsogozo chandale ".Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Woyambitsa mphamvu adabadwa pa Januware 22, 1561, ku nyumba ya yorkhouse, ku Central London Street Street. Tate wa wasayansi, Nicholas, anali wandale, ndipo amace wa Anna (m'phikira la namwan) anali mwana wamkazi wa Anthony Cook - Munthu, Yemwe adasokoneza Mfumu ya England ndi Ireland Edward VI.
Amayi ochokera kwa zaka zoyambitsidwa Mwana wachikondi, ndi atsikana amene amadziwa chilankhulo cha Chigriki ndi Chilatini, adapezeka mosavuta. Kuphatikiza apo, mnyamatayo wakhala ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa kuyambira zaka zofatsa. Kwa zaka ziwiri, Francis anaphunzira ku Trin College of Calbrid University, kenako adakhala zaka zitatu ku France, mu Chingerezi cha Sir's Sirgador a Emias Patal.
Banja la banja litamwalira m'banjamo mu 1579th, nyama yankhumba idatsala osapeza ndalama ndipo adalowa ufulu wophunzira ufulu wa sukulu. Mu 1582, Francis adakhala loya, ndipo mu 1584 Membala wa Nyumba Yamalamulo, mpaka 1614 adasewera gawo lotchuka pakukambirana m'magawo a chipinda cham'deralo. Nthawi ndi nthawi, Bacon anali uthenga wa Mfumukazi Elizabeth I, pomwe anafunanso kufikirika mosapita m'mbali m'ndale zofunikira zandale.
Tsopano, pa Bayibulo limavomereza kuti ngati Mfumukaziyo itatsatira upangiri wake, mikangano ingapo pakati pa korona ndi Nyumba yamalamulo zitha kupewedwa. Mu 1591, adakhala mlangizi wokonda nawonso dzina lake Quarph. Bacon nthawi yomweyo idapangitsa kuti mumvetsetse kabatizo yomwe idadzipereka kudzikolo, ndipo mu 161,5 Essex adayesa kupanga lamulo, Bacon, kukhala wodikira ngati boma.
Chifukwa chakuti anthu ataimirira pamwamba pa iye wotsutsa, komanso chifukwa nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kusakhutira kwake kukhala ndale za Elizabeth I, Bacon posakhalitsa komwe adataya komwe kuli mfumukazi ndipo sakanatha kukwezedwa. Ndi Elizabeti Ine, loya silinathe kuyika zikwangwani zapamwamba, koma pambuyo mu 1603, Yakov ine Stewart adapempha mpandowachifumuwo, ntchito ya Francis idapita kuphiri.
Mu 1603, Bekon adapatsidwa mutu wa knight, adamangidwa mumutu wa Baron Veerlaalasky mu 1618th ndi St. Olbansky Viscount - mu 1621. M'1621, wafilosofi adaimbidwa mlandu wopeza ziphuphu. Anavomereza kuti anthu omwe ntchito zawo zinachitidwa kukhothi, mobwerezabwereza adampatsa mphatso. Zowona, zomwe zidakhudza kusankha kwake, loya lidatsutsa. Zotsatira zake, Francis amalandidwa ndi zolemba zonse ndikuletsedwa kuti akaonekere pabwalo.
Malingaliro ndi chiphunzitso
Cholengedwa chachikulu choyambirira cha beccton ndi ntchito ya "zoyeserera" ("maso"), zomwe adagwirapo ntchito kwa zaka 28. Makonda khumi adasindikizidwa mu 1597, ndipo pofika 1625 mu Bukhu "Kuyesera" kunali kulemba kale m'ma 58, komwe kunasinthidwa kotchedwa "kapena chitsogozo ndi chandale".
Mu ntchito izi, Bacon adawonetsa chidwi, za abwenzi, za chikondi, pantchito ya sayansi, za phosasterees of wazinthu komanso mbali zina za moyo wamunthu. Imagwira ntchito zochulukira ndi asayansi ndi zitsanzo ndi fanizo labwino. Anthu omwe amafunafuna mapulani apeza maupangiri omwe amapezeka kokha pamtengo wozizira pamawu. Pali mawu oterowo pantchitoyi:
"Onse amene akwera mapiritsi a zigzag masitepe a screw" ndi "mkazi ndi ana ndi ziwonetsero za tsoka, chifukwa banjali nkulepheretsa kuyanjana kwa zinthu zazikulu, komanso zoipa."Ngakhale magulu a beckon omwe ali ndi ndale ndi muulamuliro, chomwe chimayambitsa moyo wake chinali chachifwamba komanso sayansi. Kuchotsa kwa Aristotelian, atagwira udindo waukulu, anakana ngati njira yosakhutirizira ya filosophoping ya filosopheting ndi chida chatsopano kuganiza.
Chojambula chachikulu cha "chikonzero chachikulu chakubwezeretsanso sayansi" linapangidwa ndi nyama yankhumba mu 1620th, chifukwa choyambirira kugwirira ntchito "chatsopano, kapena chisonyezo chenicheni chotanthauzira". Amadziwika kuti magawo asanu ndi limodzi adaperekedwa papepala ili (kuwunikiranso kwa boma latsopanoli, malongosoledwe atsopano omwe akupeza chidziwitso chowona, malongosoledwe atsopano, kukambirana nkhani zowonjezera, zosankha zoyambirira, zomwe zimayambira komanso zanzeru).
Bacon idatha kupanga matini awiri oyamba. Woyamba adatchedwa "Pa zabwino zonse zodziwa", mtundu wachibatini womwe "wonena za ulemu ndi kuphatikiza kwa sayansi" udatuluka ndi kulongedza.
Popeza maziko a njira yovuta kwambiri ya Francis ndi chiphunzitso cha "mafano", popotoza chidziwitso cha anthu, adalongosola mfundo zachiwiri, zomwe adafotokozazo kugwetsa mafano onse. Malinga ndi Bekoni, pali mitundu inayi ya milungu, yomwe imayikidwira malingaliro a anthu onse:
- Lingaliro loyamba - mafano a genis (zolakwa zomwe munthu amapanga chifukwa cha chilengedwe chake chokha.
- Mtundu wachiwiri wa phaka mafano (zolakwa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi tsankho).
- Lingaliro lachitatu - mafano a lalikulu (zolakwika zopangidwa ndi cholakwika pakugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo).
- Maonekedwe achinayi - mafano a zisudzo (zolakwika zodzilamulira chifukwa chodzipereka kwa olamulira, machitidwe ndi ziphunzitso).
Pofotokoza mabungwe omwe amasokoneza chitukuko cha sayansi, wasayansi adapereka gawo lazinthu zitatu zomwe zimapangidwa malinga ndi ntchito zamaganizidwe. Ananenanso nkhaniyo, ndakatulo - kumalingaliro ndi malingaliro (omwe amaphatikizapo sayansi) kukumbukira. Maziko a chidziwitso cha sayansi, malinga ndi Bekoni, ndikuyesera ndi kuyesa. Kuphatikizika kumatha kukhala kokwanira komanso kosakwanira.
Kusankhidwa kwathunthu kumatanthauza kubwereza kwa malowa kwa nkhaniyo mkalasi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha lingaliro kuti zikhala mwanjira imeneyi zichitike. Cholinga chosakwanira chimaphatikizapo ma inrizitations opangidwa pamaziko a kuphunzira si milandu yonse, koma pokhapokha ngati pali lamuloli, koma kutsimikizira kuti kuchuluka kwake sikungatheke. Mapeto ake amakhala okonda.
Kuyesera kupanga "cholinga chenicheni", Bacon sanali malonjezo okhawo omwe akutsimikizira mfundo inayake, komanso mfundo zomwe zimakutsutsa. Izi, motero, adapanga sayansi yachilengedwe ya malo awiri ofufuza - mindandanda komanso kupatula. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunikira kwakukulu kunali kupatula. Ndi njira iyi, mwachitsanzo, yakhazikitsa kuti "mawonekedwe" a kutentha ndiye kuyenda kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala.
Mu lingaliro Lake la Bacon, lankhumba limatsatira lingaliro lakuti chidziwitso chenicheni chimatsata kuchokera pakuzindikira kwathupi (malingaliro oterewa amatchedwa otchuka). Anaperekanso chithunzithunzi cha malire a chidziwitso cha anthu m'chigawo chilichonse ndipo adawonetsa mbali zofunika kwambiri za phunziroli, zomwe palibe amene adalirira. Ndodo ya Njira ya Bekonov ndi pang'onopang'ono kusinthika kwa zowona zake.
Komabe, wafilosofi anali kutali ndi kumvetsetsa kosavuta kwa kukhazikika kumeneku ndikugogomezera kufunika kothandizidwa ndi malingaliro powunikira zowona. Mu 1620, Bayan adalemba Utopia "New Atlantis" (wofalitsidwa atamwalira, mu 1627), zomwe potengera dongosololi silinayenera kusiya ntchito "utopia" ya Thomas Mora, Alangizi henry VIII, omwe iye adatulukira ndi kudulidwa mutu, chifukwa cha chidwi cha mkazi wachiwiri, Anna Boleyn.
Kwa "nyali Zatsopano Mumdima wa nzeru za" mfumu Yako yina idathandizira Finncis penshoni ya mapaundi 1200. Pogwira ntchito yopanda "New Atlantis", wafilosofi waimba za dziko lachilendo ndi kupezekanso nyumba ya Solomon, kapena "gulu kuti limveketse zinthu zazikuluzikulu za dzikolo.
Kuchokera kwa chikominisi komanso Socialist amagwira ntchito, kulenga francis kunali kosiyanitsidwa ndi ukadaulo wotchulidwa. Kutsegulidwa kwa njira yatsopano yodziwira komanso kukhudzika ndikuti kafukufukuyo ayenera kuyamba ndi kuwonera, osati ndi malingaliro, ayikeni mzere, yikani mzere umodzi ndi oimira ofunikira kwambiri a sayansi ya funso latsopano.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti chiphunzitso cha chilamulo chokhudza chilamulo komanso kuchuluka, sayansi ndi njira yofufuzira komanso yofufuzira idapereka zofunikira kwambiri posungiramo chuma cha anthu. Komabe, m'moyo, wasayansi sanalandire zotsatira za njira zophunzitsira, kapena pankhani ya chiphunzitso, ndi njira yake yodziwitsira kudzera mwa kusiyanitsa, sayansi yoyesera yakana.
Moyo Wanu
Bacon idakwatirana kamodzi. Amadziwika kuti mkazi wa wafilosofi anali ocheperako atatu kuposa iye. Zosankha za wasukulu zazikulu zidakhala Alice Bair, mwana wamkazi wa mkazi wamasiye wa ku London Benedict Barnema.
Ukwati wazachikwati wazaka 45 ndi mayi wazaka 14 zinachitika pa Meyi 10, 1606. Kunalibe ana kuchokera kwa awiriwo.
Imfa
Bacon idamwalira pa Epulo 9, 1626, pazaka 66, mwangozi. Francis moyo wake wonse ankakonda kuphunzira zinthu zamtundu uliwonse zachilengedwe, ndipo tsiku limodzi m'nyengo yozizira, atakwera ndi wasayansi ponyamula zomwe adafuna kuti azifufuza momwe amaonera njira yovunda.
Afilosofi awo adagula nyama yankhuku yankhuku yamsika ndi kumulembera iye m'chisanu, chomwe chinali chimphona, kudwala, namwalira tsiku lachisanu zomwe zidachitikira sayansi. Manda a loya ali m'dera la Church of St. Michael ku St. Olbans (United Kingdom). Amadziwika kuti pa tsamba la maliro, pambuyo pa kufa kwa buku la buku la "New Atlantis", linakhazikitsa chipilala.
Zopezeka
Francis Bacon yapanga njira zatsopano zasayansi - zoyeserera ndi kuyesa:- Kuphatikizika ndi mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sayansi, kutanthauza njira yokambirana kuchokera paokha kwa wamba.
- Kuyesa ndi njira yophunzirira chodabwitsa cha zinthu zachilengedwe. Imasiyana ndi kuwunika kwa kuyanjana ndi zomwe adawerengera.
M'bali
- 1957 - "Zoyesa, kapena malangizo a zamakhalidwe ndi ndale" (1 Edition)
- 1605 - "Pakupindulitsa ndi kupambana kwa chidziwitso"
- 1609 - "Chifukwa cha nzeru za akale"
- 1612 - "Zoyesa, kapena malangizo andale" (2nd)
- 1620 - "Kubwezeretsa Sayansi, kapena Chigawo Chatsopano"
- 1620 - "New Atlantis"
- 1625 - "Zoyesa, kapena malangizo a zamakhalidwe ndi andale" (kusinthidwa 3)
- 1623 - "Pa ulemu ndi kuphatikiza sayansi"
Mawu
- "Kusungulumwa kwambiri sikungakhale ndi abwenzi enieni"
- "Kulankhula mopitirira kumverera kwabwino kwambiri ngati ulemu wangwiro"
- "Ndimaganizira zambiri zaimfa ndipo ndimazindikira kuti unali woipa kwambiri."
- "Anthu Omwe Ali Ndi Zolakwika Zambiri, Choyamba Zindikirani mwa Ena"