Chiphunzitso
Nyenyezi iwiri inauza volite kuti akakhale ndi zaka 33. Koma wamkulu woganiza bwino yemwe adatha kupusitsa imfa yomwe idatha kupusitsa imfa, adakhalabe ndi moyo chifukwa chaudzukulu wokhala ndi mbiri yakale yochokera ku gerus de rogan. Bibiograte ya wafilosofi wa ku France ikudzala ndi kugwa, koma, komabe, dzina lake lakhala losafa kwazaka zambiri.Voltaire, yemwe adasiya wolemba ndipo adabwerera ku England, adapanga zopereka zosatheka panjira yapadera ya dziko lapansi, dzina lake limachokera pamzere wina ku Denis Dorour. Wolemba, m'mitsempha yomwe kunalibe dontho la magazi olemekezeka, olamulira akuluakulu - a Russia Frisk "II ndi Mwini Hore Custove III.
Woganizayo adasiya mbadwa za nkhaniyi, ndakatulo, zoopsa, ndi mabuku ake "otayika, kapena chiyembekezo," ndi "omangidwa, kapena omangidwa mawu ogawana ndi mapiko ogawana.
Ubwana ndi Unyamata
A Franco Marie Arue (dzina la wafilofi wa kubadwa adabadwa pa November 21, 1694 mumzinda wachikondi - Paris. Mwanayo anali wovuta kwambiri komanso wofooka kuti atabadwa, makolo amatumiza kwa wansembe. Tsoka ilo, amalire a Mariery, mayi wa Valtaire, anamwalira mnyamatayo atakwanitsa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Chifukwa chake, wolamulira wamtsogolo wa kuperekera ukwati wa ku Western Europe ndikukulira ndi Atate, omwe anali ovomerezeka.
Osati kunena kuti ubale wa Francecois ndi makolo ake anali ochezeka, chifukwa chake sizosadabwitsa kuti kale mu zaka zokhwima kale za aruhe adadziwonetsa yekha kuti ali ndi mbiri yakale ya Cheveré de rocherbyun - ndakatulo ndi kafukufukuyu. Francois aruhe-sr. Anapatsa mwana wake ku koleji ya Yesuit, yomwe pakadali pano imatchedwa lyceum ya Louis.
Mu koleji iyi yophunzira ku College "la Chilatini ndi zamtundu uliwonse", chifukwa mnyamatayo, ngakhale kuti anali kuphunzira nawo mwatsatanetsatane, koma kwa moyo, kudzikumba kwa Abambo a AJEPET a ku moyo padziko lapansi.
Abambo a Wolter amafuna kuti Mwana apite kumapazi ake ndikukhala otata, kotero Franco adaphatikizidwa mwachangu ku ofesi yamalamulo. Posakhalitsa mnyamatayo anazindikira kuti sayansi yalamulo, yomwe mulungu wamkazi wakale wa wachigiriki wa femid, osati njira Yake. Chifukwa chake, kuchepetsa kulakalaka kobiriwira ndi mitundu yowala, Voltaire adatenga inki ndikulemba kuti alembe zikalata, koma polemba nkhani zambiri.
Malembo
Pamene Voltaire anali ndi zaka 18, adalemba seweroli kenako osakayikira kuti adzasiya kale mbiri ngati wolemba. Patatha zaka ziwiri, a Francois-Marie adayamba kutsika kale saltons ndi azimayi aluso komanso ulemerero wa mfumu ya kunyozedwa. Chifukwa chake, nkhope zina zolembedwa ndi nkhope zapamwamba zimawopa kuti mavalidwe a Voltaire, akuwawonetsa pagululi popepuka.
Koma mu 1717, a Francois-Marie Afitit adalipira ndalama zake zopanda pake. Chowonadi ndi chakuti wachinyamata waluso adanyoza wolamulira wa Ufumu wa French ku Korole wa Louis XV - Philip II Orleans. Koma wolamulira sanafike ku nthiti za Voltaire ndi osuta fodya, ndiye wolemba adatumizidwa kwa chaka cha ku Bastilia.
Koma kunka kundende Volio sanataye fumbi lake lolenga, koma m'malo mwake, linayamba kugwira ntchito molimbika. Kamodzi kutchire, Voltaire adalandira kuvomerezedwa ndi ulemerero, chifukwa tsoka lake "lachita"
Mnyamatayo anayamba kufananizidwa ndi mafayilo otchuka achi French, motero wa Voltaire amene anakhulupirira ntchito imodzi yolembedwa, ndipo izi sizinali zovuta za misozi zokha, komanso timapepala tomweko. Wolemba amadalira zithunzi za mbiri yakale, chifukwa chake maboma amatha kuwona pa siteji ya ochita sewero, obisika ku Kaisara, wa Valta kapena Manomet.
Chiwerengero chonse mu mndandanda wa Francois-Marie Aruha 28 amagwira ntchito pa tsoka lakale. Komanso, Voltaie amachirikiza mitundu ya ndakatulo, kuchokera pansi pa cholembera, nthawi zambiri limamasulidwa ndi mauthenga, mawu olimba ndi ode. Koma ndikofunikira kunena kuti wolemba sanawopa kuyesa ndikusakaniza zinthu zosagwirizana (zowopsa komanso zojambula) mu botolo limodzi.
Sizinali mantha kuchepetsa mawu omwe akumva kuti azimva mawu achisoni, komanso m'magulu ake akale omwe amawoneka: Achitchaina, Asiku aku China, akulankhula za Irath komanso obzaka.
Ponena za ndakatulo, zisotikulu za epelaya Voltaire "Henliad" idasindikizidwa mu 1728. Mu ntchitoyi, wamkulu wa Franch adatsutsa mafumu a mafumu chifukwa chakulemekeza kwawo kwa Mulungu, pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zosapeka, koma zofanizira zenizeni. Kenako, pafupifupi 1730, Voltaire amagwira ntchito pamwamba pa chikhazikitso cha Satric. Koma Buku Lokhalo linasindikizidwa kokha mu 17622 muth, malo osadziwika amenewo, zisanachitike.
"Orleans Belin" Voltaire, kulembedwa mu Syllabic khumi ndi iwiri yonse, kuthira owerenga mu nkhani ya umunthu wa France Zhanna D'ark. Koma ntchito ya wolemba si mbiri ya asitikali a asitikali, koma yolimba yolimba pa chipangizo cha French ndi mpingo.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti Alexander Sergeevich Pusten Pugupkin adalemba zolemba zake pa unyamata, Ruslan ndi Lyudmila "(Thench Compor" pantchito yovuta kwambiri).
Mwa zina, a Francois-Marie kuthyoka ndi wosiyanitsa Yemwe ndi ndulu ya Filolofi, yomwe idayamba kutchuka kwambiri pakati pa nthawi ya nthawi. Mbuya pa mbuye aliyense samangomiza wogwira ntchitoyo nkhani zamaulendo, komanso kukakamiza kuganiza za kuchitika zopanda pake kukhala, ukulu wa munthu, komanso tanthauzo la munthu wokhala ndi chiyembekezo chabwino komanso wopanda chiyembekezo chabwino.
Ntchito "yosavuta", yofalitsidwa mu 1767, imayankhula za zotsutsana ndi "chiphunzitso cha malamulo achilengedwe". Zolemba pamanjazi ndi chisakanizo chazinthu zaphokoso, mbiri yakale komanso nkhani yanzeru.
Chiwembucho chimazungulira mozungulira - chinsinsi cha mbiri yabwino, mtundu wa robolins, kayendedwe ka rombo kaudindo kamene kalikonse kamene kamakhala kochokera pansi pa chitukuko. Koma ndikofunikanso kulabadira pa woyikira watsopano, kapena chiyembekezo (1759), chomwe chakhala chapadziko lonse lapansi.
Nkhani yayitali kwa nthawi yayitali inali fumbi la nsanje lopanda chiyembekezo, popeza ntchitoyi idaletsedwa chifukwa chonyansa. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wolembayo "Maswiti" adaganizira izi mwakupusa ndipo ngakhale adakana kuzindikira kuti Iye ndi wopeza. "Wotchinga, kapena Wodalirika" Chofanana ndi buku lodziwika bwino la Plutovsky - mtundu womwe wapanga ku Spain. Monga lamulo, nkhope yayikulu yochita ntchitoyi ndi omwe amachititsa chidwi.
Koma buku la Voldire kwambiri la Valtaire limaperekedwa ndi zopanda nzeru komanso zokwiya: zolengedwa zonse zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi boma, boma ndi mpingo. Makamaka, wafilosofi wa saxon akupambana Leibniz, akufatsa pofalitsa chiphunzitso chofotokozedwa mu "acoditis, kapena kulungamitsidwa kwa Mulungu", adagwa pansi pa Opal.
Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chinabweretsa bukuli kukhala lazankhosa, koma izi sizinalepheretse "Candava" kuti achepetse mafani akukamba, Feder Dostoevsky ndi American Coorsier Leonard Trnstin.
Malingaliro
Zinachitika kuti Voltaire adabwereranso kumakoma ozizira a Bastle. Mu 1725-1726, kusamvana kwachitika pakati pa wolemba ndi Cheveré De Rogan: Therotetor alolera kuti azilumikizana ndi Francois-Marie, akuti adayesa kubisa zomwe zidachokera ku Iltaute. Popeza wolemba maswiti a mawuwo sakukwera, adalola kulengeza kuti:
"Sudar, dzina langa ndikudikirira ulemerero, ndi zanu - zokhuza!".Kwa mawu olimbikitsidwa awa, M French amalipira kwenikweni - adamenyedwa ndi Lacey de Rogan. Chifukwa chake, wolemba anali ndi vuto lakelo, lomwe lili ndi chidwi, linakhala chiwombankhanga chachifumu cha chilungamo ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Kutuluka Kudera Lopatula, Zosafunikira panyumba pamalamulo a mfumu zidathamangitsidwa ku England.
Ndizachilendo kuti boma la United Kingdom, lomwe linali losiyana ndi oyang'anira ku France, adamumenya ku Malangizo a Zala. Zinali zothandiza komanso zodziwika bwino ndi malingaliro achingelezi, omwe m'mawu amodzi amakangana kuti munthu amatha kulumikizana ndi Mulungu popanda kuteteza mpingo.
Wakufalikira ku France mu mphamba "zilembo za afilosofi" mu mphamba "zilembo za filosofi" zomwe zimalimbikitsa ziphunzitso za John Con LocaCke ndikukana malingaliro okonda chuma. Malingaliro akuluakulu a "afilosofio ogwirizana" anali ofanana, amalemekeza katundu, chitetezo ndi ufulu. Komanso, Voltaire anasinthanso funso lonena za moyo wosafa, sanakani kukana, koma sananene kuti moyo umatha kufa.
Koma mufunso la ufulu wa anthu, Voltaire adachoka ku malingaliro oyenera kuti atsimikizire. Louis XV, ataphunzira za cathese, adalamulidwa kuti aziwotcha ntchito ya Valtaire, ndipo wolembayo adatumizidwa ku Bastilia. Pofuna kupewa gawo lachitatu m'chipindacho, Francois-Marie Aruael adapita kumpagne, kwa wokondedwa wake.
Voltaire, wothandizana ndi kusalingana komanso wotsutsa wakhama wa anzeru, adatsutsa chipangizo cha mpingo mu fluff ndi fumbi, koma sanavomereze kusakhulupirira Mulungu. Mfalatoyo anali utsogoleri, ndiye kuti, anazindikira kuti kuli Mlengi, koma anakana kukhalapo wachipembedzo ndi zochitika zauzimu. Koma mu 60-70s, malingaliro okayikira amangoganiza Voltaire. Anthu a m'masiku a anthu a nthawi imeneyo anafunsa kuwunikirako, kaya "Tumikiranipo" kulipo, iye anayankha kuti:
"Palibe Mulungu, koma izi sizikudziwa LaCquer yanga ndi mkazi wanga chifukwa sindikufuna kuti gulu langa litulutsidwe, ndipo mkazi wanga sanamvere."Ngakhale Voltaire, mosemphana ndi zokhumba za Atate, sanakhale loya, wafilosofi adagwiranso ntchito za anthu. Mu 1762, wolemba "Maswiti" anachitapo kanthu popempha kuti aphedwe, Zani Kalasov, yemwe anali wozunzidwa ndi khothi lomwe analabadira chifukwa cha kuulula kwina chifukwa chovomereza ena. Kalas adapereka Chikristu chokhazikitsidwa Xenophobia ku France: Anali Achiprotestanti, pomwe ena adaulula Chikatolika.
Chifukwa chomwe Aen mu 1762 anaphedwa kudzera pa njinga za olumala, - kudzipha kwa Mwana Wake. Panthawiyo, munthu amene amamwa anzawo ndi moyo wake amawoneka ngati chigawenga, chifukwa chomwe thupi lake lidakokedwa pagulu ndikupachikidwa pabwalo. Chifukwa chake, mabanja a Kalas adadzipha a mbadwa za kupha, ndipo Khothi lidafotokoza kuti Jean adapha mwana, chifukwa adalandira Chikatolika. Chifukwa cha volotera patatha zaka zitatu, Jean Kalas adakonzanso.
Moyo Wanu
Kumasulidwa ku nkhani ya mahule ndi phokoso la filosofi, nthawi ya Voltaire idasewera chess. Kwa zaka 17, wotsutsa wa ku France anali Akazi Adala Adamu, omwe amakhala mnyumba ya Francois-Marie Arue.
Okondedwa, komanso malo osungirako zinthu zakale komanso mouziridwa kwambiri kwa marquire du, anakondedwa ndi masamu komanso sayansi. Dona uyu anayeneranso kutanthauzira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya Isaki Newton mu 1745.
Emily anali mkazi wokwatiwa, koma amakhulupirira kuti maudindo onse pamaso pa mwamunayo ayenera kukwaniritsidwa pokhapokha atabadwa a ana. Chifukwa chake, donayo, osaphwanya tizigawo a chinyengo, cholumikizidwa mu mabuku ambiri omwe ali ndi masamu komanso anzeru.
Ndi Voltaire, kukongola kokwanira mu 1733, ndipo mu 1734 mu 1734 kunali pobisalira ku Bastille - Mtolo wamtundu wolemedwa ndi mkazi, pomwe wafilosofi watha zaka 15, akubwerera kumeneko kuchokera pamaulendo osiyanasiyana.
Ikani ufulu ku equations, malamulo a sayansi ndi njira, motero okonda kusinthiratu. M'dzinja la 1749, Emily anamwalira atabadwa kwa mwana, ndipo Voltaire, yemwe anasiya kukonda moyo wake, atayamba kuvutika maganizo.
Mwa njira, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti Voltaire anali mamiliyoni. Ngakhale ali mwana, wafilosofi anakumana ndi mabanki omwe anaphunzira Francois kuti akagwiritse ntchito likulu. Atazindikira zaka makumi anayi, wolemba anali atawononga ndalama m'bwalo lankhondo lachi France, adapereka ndalama kuti agule zombo ndi ntchito zojambulajambula, ndipo zopanga za mbiya zinali ku Switzerland.
Imfa
M'zaka zomaliza za moyo, Voltaire anali otchuka, omwe alipo kale, amafufuza udindo wake kuti ayendere nyumba ya Swiss ya Nzeru za Wokalamba. Afilosofi anali kubisala mafumu aku France, koma mothandizidwa ndi chidwi adabwerera kudziko la Cezanna ndi Parmesan, komwe adamwalira zaka zokalamba zaka 83.
Zotsalira za zonena za wolemba nkhani ndi malingaliro adayikidwa m'manda amitundu ku Pantheon (Paris).
M'bali
- 1730 - "Nkhani Karl XII"
- 1732 - Zaire
- 1734 - "Makalata a Filositophopi. Makalata achingerezi
- 1736 - "Uthenga Newton"
- 1738 - "nkhani yoyatsira moto"
- 1748 - "Dziko lapansi monga lili"
- 1748 - "zadig, kapena tsoka"
- 1748 - "Semimid"
- 1752 - "Micromegas"
- 1755 - "Orleans Bwino"
- 1756 - "Lisbon Chivomezi"
- 1764 - "Zoyera ndi zakuda"
- 1768 - "Tsarevna Babelian"
- 1774 - "Don Pedro"
- 1778 - "aGfafok"
Mawu
- "Ndikotheka kukhulupilira Mulungu, osakhulupirira - zopanda pake"
- "Kwa anthu ambiri, amakonzedwa - zikutanthauza kusintha zovuta zanu"
- "Mafumu akudziwa za zochitika za Abusa Awo Kupatula Cuccold Zokhudza Akazi Akazi"
- "Osati kufanana, koma zosokoneza"
- "Palibe china chilichonse chosasangalatsa, momwe tingapachikitsidwe mwa osadziwika"