Plato - chithunzi, mbiri, moyo waumwini, chifukwa cha imfa, wafilosofi wakale wachigiriki

Chiphunzitso

Mfundo zoyambirira za nzeru zimapangidwa panthawi yakale. Pythagoras, Socates, Plato - olemba enawa asayansi, asayansi ndi oganiza za nthawi yawo. Onsewa adathandizira kuti anzeru atukule za Plato, ndipo za Plato, Village Fail Refeaphead adafotokozera kuti nzeru zonse zaku Eurostophy, mwanzeru, zindikirani ntchito za Chigriki Chakale.

Ubwana ndi Unyamata

Chaka chomwe wafe wafilosofi anabadwa, chosadziwika. Pali lingaliro kuti zidachitika mu 428 kapena 427 BC. Tsiku lobadwa limaganiziridwa ndi May 21 (7 Fanilion), tsiku lino Agiriki adakondwerera tsiku lobadwa la mwana wa Zeus ndi Titaniade chilimwe - Apollo.

Palibe chidziwitso cha konkriti chokhudza malo omwe amabadwira. Magwero ambiri amatchedwa kwawo ku Atetopown, koma pali njira ina. Malinga ndi iye, mbiri ya kafukufuku wamtsogolo adayamba pachilumba cha Aedenikos Bay, ndi ku Atene, banja la Plato lidasamukira kuti lipatse ana maphunziro abwino.

Mwa njira, osati chaka chokha ndipo malo obadwira Plato amawonetsera motsutsana. Pali lingaliro loti wafilosofi wotchedwa Aristofeloni, ndi Plato ndi dzina loti adalandira kuchokera ku Arismon kuchokera ku Argos, chifukwa cha mapewa ambiri ("Pulato" yomasuliridwa ku Greek wakale " ). Kwa nthawi yoyamba, izi zidatchulidwa ndi mkulu wa mbiri yakale ya Diogenky Diogenky.

Makolo a Plato adachita. Tate wafilosofi, kholo la mfumu ya Atici Codra, ndi mayi wa ku Atene wa ku Atene. Mwa mayi wa Plato, plato anali ndi mabatani awiri, otsutsa komanso osokoneza, mamembala onse a olamulira agogobe ngati "tinnans makumi atatu". Kuphatikiza pa plato, Ariston ndi Perktoni (yemwe amatchedwa makolo ake) Panali ana ake - anali ana a Gravacon komanso odziwika, komanso mwana wamkazi wa Pokon.

Ana adalandira nyimbo zachikale - zotchedwa maphunziro, zomwe zimaphatikizapo maphunziro abwino, amakhalidwe abwino komanso amisala m'dongosolo (dzina lake muz). Anaphunzirapo za Plato panthawiyo wamphatiope anapaka utoto, wotsatira wa Herkisite Efesese. Pansi pa utsogoleri wake, m'tsogolo oganiza bwino omwe aphunzitsidwa, arthetonic, zamakhalidwe, zoyambira za sayansi ndi maphunziro ena.

Ngakhale akuwerenga zotsatira zabwino, Plata omwe amapezeka m'mabuku, luso lowoneka ndi ndewu, pambuyo pake ku Olimpiki ndi Nemean masewera.

Ubwana ndi unyamata wa unyamata unagwera kumapeto kwa nthawi yamadzulo, maluso a mantha, tepi ndi Korestobiya kufalikira pakati pa anthu. Zinthu zinkalimbikitsa kumenyedwa nkhondo pakati pa nyumba ya Dossky ndi Peropiconky.

Munthu wandale wa Ariston anayesa kukhazikitsa miyoyo ya nzika. Chifukwa chake, iye amafuna kuti mwana wake atalandira maphunziro, nakhala wandale, koma mwa iye mwini anatsatira malingaliro ena mtsogolo. Adayesetsa kuti alembe zojambula, zolemba ndakatulo ndi masewero.

Mu 408 BC NS. Plaboto wachinyamata adaganiza zodziimbira mlandu kwa bwalo lakale. Ali m'njira, adathamanga kukhala wokalamba, koma munthu wamphamvu. Anali ndi zokambirana zomwe zidasintha moyo wa mnyamatayo ku miyendo yake pamutu pake, komanso adayambanso moyo watsopano. Munthuyu anali Socrate.

Moyo Wanu

Moyo wa Plato umakhala wosamveka ngakhale kwa olemba mbiri omwe adalandira mbiri yake ya mbewu. Philosopheropheriwo analalikira kukana kwa katundu wamba, komanso gulu la akazi, amuna ndi ana. Chifukwa chake, ndizosatheka kugawa mkazi mmodzi plato, chifukwa sangatchulidwe ndendende ana ake ofala.

Mwalamulo, Plato sanakwatirane. Iye mwiniyo adalimbikitsa chikondi cha chikondi chapupona, kufotokoza za ulemu ndikumasamalira pakati pa ophunzira ndi mphunzitsi, kufotokoza kuti sizofunikira kukonda thupi, koma moyo wake. Ettussions anaganizira china chake chotsika kwambiri muyenera kuti muthe kulamulidwa.

Mafilosofi ndi malingaliro

Chiphunzitso cha Socarates chinali kusintha, chinali chosiyanitsidwa ndi zomwe kale zinali kale. M'malingaliro ake, limbikirani kuphunzira za mtendere ndi chilengedwe zidasunthidwa kwa munthu. Malingaliro ndi ziganizo za Socates adachita chidwi ndi Mnyamatayo, zomwe ntchito za omalizira zimanena.

Mu 399 BC NS. Socatees adatsutsidwa ndikuweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Afilosofi ananenedwa kuti sanalemekezedwe ndi milungu, yolemekezedwa ndi nzika, motero anagawa chikhulupiriro chatsopano, potero anthu amawononga anthu. Za ulemu kwa omwe ali m'mbuyomu, kuphatikiza nkhondo ya Peloponess ya Pelopone, Soctat adaloledwa kuyankhula ndi zolankhula za chitetezo (pofika, "kupepesa kwa Plato" idachitika kumwa poizoni kuchokera mbale.

Kupha kunaphedwa kunachitidwa ndi Puto, kupangitsa kudana ndi udani wa demokalase. Akamwalira, amapita paulendo, zolinga zomwe zikuyenera kudziwana ndi asayansi ena, kusinthana kwa zinthu zina ndi zomwe amakumana nazo pamaziko a kukhala nawo. Pazaka 10-15 zotsatira, wafilosofi wa anachezera Megahar, Kypreu, Fika ndi Egypt. Panthawi imeneyi, adakwanitsa kukumana ndi kucheza ndi tartan, ndi ophunzira ena a Soucury Euclide ndi Federar, komanso amatsenga akumayiko ena ndi haldia. Otsatirawa adakakamizidwa kuti alowe mu kafukufuku wakum'mawa.

Pambuyo paulendo woyendayenda, Plato adafika ku Sicily. M'makonzedwe a wafilosofi anali kulengedwa kwa boma latsopano limodzi ndi mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo lakumaloko Dienisialooner ankhondo (nawonso amadziwika kuti Syracuse). Malinga ndi mwamunayo, m'Malemba atsopano, anzeru ayenera kulamulira, osamwa poizoni wa mbale pansi pa zinyengedwe za gulu losuta. Koma lingaliro silinadziwike konse: Dionysius adayamba kukhala wankhanza, womwe malingaliro a plato adakonda.

Pambuyo pake, wafilosofi waganiza kubwerera ku Atene. Mzindawo udakakamiza Plato kuti abwezeretse malingaliro ena za boma langwiro. Zotsatira za izi zinali zotseguka mu 387 BC. NS. Maphunziroyo ndi bungwe lophunzitsa lomwe Plato idayamba kuphunzitsa anthu ena. Chifukwa chake mayi wachipembedzo ndi wafilosofi anapangidwa.

Sukulu ya Plato idayitanitsidwa kuderalo lomwe maphunzirowa adachitidwa (pakani kunja kwa Atene), ndipo dzikolo linatchedwa ngwazi ya Hekadem. Mu Sukulu ya Platonic, ophunzira adaphunzira masamu, anzeru, zachilengedwe, zakuthambo ndi sayansi zina. Maphunziro adachitika kudzera m'mawu zokambirana: Plaboto adaganizira kuti iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yodziwira tanthauzo la zinthu.

Chimodzi mwa zokambirana zake zinafalitsidwa pa dzina "bulowe", likuyimira mtundu wa kukambirana Agiriki wakale wakale, amene Mulungu amatamanda Mulungu. Malembawa a Philosofi amafotokoza za chikondi, mitundu yake ndi chidziwitso cha kumverera. Malo apakati amalandidwa ndi malingaliro a Socates pa wokongola, tanthauzo lazoyenera.

Aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira a sukuluyi amakhala limodzi, munthuyu adatenga otsatira a Pythagora. Ophunzirawo anali sayansi ya zakuthambo. Yemwe anali pafupi kwambiri ndi ziphunzitso zam'dzina ndi zipembedzo, ndi zipembedzo za Aristotle.

Mu 366 ndi 361 BC. NS. Plato Re -ulendo wa Sicily pakuitanidwa kwa bwenzi la Dion - Wolamulira Syracuse ndi Shurin Dionysius Wachisanu. Dionria sakhala ngati kusinthika uku, zomwe iye amapereka kuti amvetsetse kuphedwa kwa Dion. Imfa ya mnzanuyo idakhumudwitsidwa ndi kuponya ku Atene, komwe Filosofi anapitilizabe kuphunzira otsatira.

Pambuyo pake, pofuna kupanga lingaliro lomwe lolumikizitsa munthu ndi malo, wafilosofi adakwaniritsa cholinga chake. M'mabuku, adaganizira za mzimu ndi zamkhutu, pokhulupirira kuti zinthu zonse zozungulira munthu zimachitika chifukwa cholumikizira anthu ena. Plato adakhulupirira kuti pali dziko labwino la zinthu. Malinga ndi Iye, zinthu zonse zadziko lapansi ndi zitsanzo zabwino, zojambulajambula za zinthu zomwe zilipo zenizeni.

Mpaka pano, osati ntchito imodzi yoyambirira ya Plato yasungidwa, koma pamakhala makope. Buku lakale kwambiri la ntchito ya wafilosofi limapezeka mumzinda wa Pemba (160 kumwera kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Cairo), lolembedwa mu gumbwa wakuigupto.

Ntchito za Plato zimapanga nyumba za Platonian. Chifukwa cha chitetezo cha ntchito zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa za wafilosofi, zikomo Ridiographiographiogy Aritofana Bzantine. Mwa njira, kwa nthawi yoyamba ndikupanga ntchito za Plato, kuwagawa pa trilogy.

Pambuyo pake, kubwezeretsa kwa Seyala Tcheral Trasl ku Menda, The Stariologiner Tilia Julia Kaisara Augustas. Trapill adagawa mapangidwe a plato mu tetralogy, kupatukana koteroko kumagwiritsidwa ntchito tsopano.

Panali zoyesa zina ku Starmarus ndipo panali zolengedwa za wafilosofi. Mtundu wa Russia wakale wa Russia Alexei Fedorovich atayika. Malinga ndi buku la lotayika, ndikofunikira kugawidwa ndi nthawi 4 - koyambirira ("Harmida", "Harc.), Eutidem", "okhwima (" Tion "," Dziko ", ndi zina.) Ndipo mochedwa (" malamulo "ndi" post-ndege ").

Nthawi ina yopezeka pagululi idapezeka kamodzi pa "Time". Zinthu zidawongoleredwa ndi wafilosofi waku Italian waku Italiya Martilio Ficino (1433-1499), yomwe idamasulira ntchito yonseyi kuchokera ku Chilatini kupita ku Chilatini.

Imfa

Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa chibwenzi cha Syracuse mu 354 BC. NS. Plato yabwerera ku Atene, komwe adakhala mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku. M'masiku otsiriza a moyo, adayamba kugwira ntchito yatsopano "pacilungamo." Maziko a rafto plata yapangidwa kale ndikugawana ndi ophunzira. Komabe, anasamukira pamapepala papepala ndipo sanatuluke.

Olemba mbiri yakale adalemba kuti wophunzira wa Socates anali asanaonepo kuseka, pomwe adagona ndi Tomap Aristophan, ndakatulo yayikulu. Ngakhale zili ndi tanthauzo la phosofi, zimadziwika za moyo wake watsiku ndi tsiku, m'makambidwe ake nthawi zina ankadzitchula, pofotokoza zochitika zina zazing'ono.

Pa tsiku lanu lobadwa mu 348 (kapena 347) BC. NS. Plato adasiya dziko lapansi pazifukwa zachilengedwe, poganizira za m'badwo wake. Palibe mtundu umodzi wa zochitika izi. Ndi mmodzi wa iwo, mwamunayo anamwalira pa desiki, kwina paphwando laukwati. Komanso, chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe wafa wafilosofi amatchedwa Pediculosis, koma pankhani ya izi mu "mbiri ya filosophy" Thomas Stanley adalemba kuti anthu akufalikira ngati misempha yozungulira.

Afilosofi anaikidwa m'manda a Ceramic, osati kutali ndi Academy. Pamtando wake wamanda adasemedwa mawuwo:

"Ana aamuna awiri adapereka mwayi kwa Apollo, Eskulap ndi Plato. Wina amachiritsa thupi, ndi winayo - solo. "

Pokumbukira za PLOON, zojambula zomwe zalembedwa komanso zojambula. Monga munthu, wafilosofi wapezeka ku Kanisartartes "Mwazi, Kululusa ndi Imfa" (1948), "Soctat" (1971), "usiku" (1985). Mu 2010, chithunzithunzi "Imfa ya Socates" idatulutsidwa, pomwe Plato imawonekera.

Malingaliro ndi Kupeza

Pamtima pa nzeru za Plato zatsala pang'ono lingaliro la Socates, monga momwe zingathekere zokhazokha za lingaliro lodziyimira pawokha lomwe limapanga dziko lodziyimira pawokha lomwe limakhala lodzikongoletsa padziko lonse lapansi. Genesis ndi nkhani, Edosa (malingaliro), malo osavuta ndi nthawi. Malingaliro akumvetsetsa za anthu, motero, okhaomwe angaphunzire. Izi zimafotokozedwa mu ntchito za nthawi yosintha komanso yokhwima.

Mu ntchito za Plato "Kristen" ndi "nthawi", choyamba amafotokoza mbiri ya Atlantis, yomwe ndi yabwino kwambiri. Zowona, sizingatheke kudziwa komwe kuli komweko. Mwinanso chisumbucho chinali chakumadzulo kwa Hercules Heids. Kutha kwake kwa kafukufukuyu wokhudzana ndi chivomerezi chomwe chinachitika, chifukwa chomwe chilumbachi chidalumikizidwa m'madzi limodzi ndi okhalamo - Alants.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, chidwi ku Atlantis chinatuluka mu nthawi ya Renaissance, koma mu sayansi, mafunso okhudzana ndi kupezeka kwake. Pachifukwa ichi, nkhani ya pachilumbachi imadziwika kuti ndi nthano chabe, koma zoyesayesa zenizeni komanso zochitika zotsimikizira kuti sizikhalapo kamodzi.

Plato nthawi zambiri amasankha Ninel Diinden kuchokera kuchichimo (yemwe amakhala m mbiya ndikuyenda masana ndi nyali "). Pamene Plato adanena za munthu, kuti ichi ndi nthenga zokhalapo, nthenga zopanda kanthu, daogen adamsiya ndi nkhuku ya chipinda, kuyitanira munthu wa Platian. Pambuyo pake, wafilosofi adawonjezedwa ku mawu akuti "ndi lathyathyathya (zilankhulo zazikulu".

Plato ndi wotsutsa chidwi komanso kuwonetsa bwino kwa malingaliro, amakhulupirira kuti machitidwe oterewa anali otsika ndipo amakhala ndi vuto loipa. Amaganiza za ubale pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, adafotokoza mosiyanasiyana.

Mawu

"Actates anali kundicheza, koma chowonadi ndi chokwera mtengo" (pambuyo pake mawu awa adasandulika "koma chowonadi ndi chokwera mtengo", olemba omwe adalembedwa, Martin Luther). " Anthu akakakamizidwa kusankha kuchokera kwa anthu awiri okwiya, palibe amene alibe. Kodi mungasankhe zocheperako. "" Kodi Kuleredwa Kungakhale Chiyani? Komabe, ndizovuta kupeza bwino kuposa zomwe zimapezeka nthawi yayitali. Kwa thupi, ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, chifukwa cha moyo - nyimbo. "" Mutha kukhululukira mwana yemwe akuopa mdima. Tsoka lenileni la moyo, munthu akaopa dziko lapansi. "" Omwe ali anzeru osatha kukwera andale amalangidwa ndi iwo amalamulira anthu opusa. "

Nchito

• "Kupepesa Kwa SoCOCES"
• "Evatifroni"
• "Proseor"
• "Gorgiy"
• "HIPPUus"
• "Phwando"
• "Akuti"
• "Sophist"
• "Ndacutine"
• "Malamulo"