Chiphunzitso
Protopop Avvakum - umunthuwu ndi wowala komanso wotsutsana. Wansembeyo, amene okhulupirira okhulupirira adamangidwa m'gulu la Woyera, sanazindikirenso theka. Chifukwa cha chilengedwe chankhanza komanso kukonzekera kwa "moyo kuyika nkhosa, adadana ndi adani ndi otsatira adazisunga.
Ulamuliro wake m'zaka za zana la XVII anali wamkulu: otsatira ake otchedwa Avvakum ndi olungama olungama ndi ofera. Velmazbi ndi owerengeka, omwe amatsatira chikhalidwe chaulere ankadana ndi vuto lankhanza. Wansembeyo anamenyedwa, anaponyera m'ndende popanda chakudya ndi zovala, koma mzimu ndi kukhudzika kwa avvakum sanaphwanye aliyense - Mafumu kapena VelMAzy.
Chikhalidwe chimodzi, wokonza waluso komanso mlaliki, kufalikira koona kwa orthodoxy ndi filosofi wakale - adawonetsa kuti amalimbana ndi mathero.
Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Avvakwam Petrovich Petrov adabadwira m'mudzi wa Grigorovo Nizny Novgorod County mu 1620. Chitsanzo kwa mlaliki wamtsogolo ndipo wophunzitsa zauzimu wa okhulupirira akale anali amayi. Maria (pambuyo pake ndidakhala m'Nuni ndipo ndidalemba dzina la Marfa) adabweretsa avakakum mu okhwimitsa komanso ukulu wauzimu. Kutsatira ma calani akale a Orthodox, kuyankhula m'mapemphero ndi kumasuka ku nthawi yogwira ntchito, mayi wina analera mwana wake wamwamuna pochita "kuopa Mulungu."
Abambo - Wansembe woweta parishi ya parishi ya parishi ya parishi - wamwalira mwana akadzakwanitsa zaka 15. Malinga ndi avvakum, abambo ake ankakonda kumwa, zomwe zinali zoyambitsa zoyambirira.
Pofika pa 22, avvakum Petrov yophunzirira cha chikhulupiriro ndi kutsatira kwambiri lamulo la Mulungu inali ndi DEICON.
Moyo ndi Ziphunzitso
Pambuyo pa zaka 2, avvakum idagawa tchalitchi cha pa Lopeders - mudzi wa Nizny Novgorod dera. Achinyamatawa afika, modzifunira kwa iye ndi gulu, kumenya zivomezi za parishikazi, ndikulanga ngakhale machimo ang'onoang'ono. Kunalibe tsankho, popanda anthu osauka, kapena m'mitsempha, omwe adapereka ndalama zambiri pakachisi.
Tsiku lina kuvulaza kwachichepere kunabwera ku chivomerezo cha avvatum. Malinga ndi ma Canoni a tchalitchi, adafotokozeranso mwatsatanetsatane machimo, ndipo ngati malingaliro sanasiye wansembeyo, ndiye kuti thupi lidapanduka. Kuti amuchotsere, pop pambuyo pa kulapa kwa kanjedza katatu. Zowawa zinapanga zikhumbo zochimwa, ndi a parishi omwe omwe kulemekeza wansembe kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri kawiri, kufikiridwa ku Avvakum.
Kwa ntchito zolungama ndi kutsatira kwa osakhazikika ku malamulo a Orthodoxy avvakum idapatsa mutu wa mabizinesi - protofopopa. Mphekesera zokhudza abambo ankhanza, odziwika ndi mitengo yopukutira kwambiri, idayendetsa kuzungulira. Khamu la anthu okhulupirira ma upangiri ndi madalitso adapita kwa iye.
Protopop Avvakum idakhala yotchuka ngati exorcist. Anayamba kudwala m'maganizo komanso wamisala, momwe mzimu wonyansa. Nthawi zambiri wansembeyo adawasiya "kudzalandira chithandizo" m'nyumba mwake.
Dalitso lochokera ku Avvakum protopopa limatchedwa chisangalalo ndi opemphetsa, komanso olemera. Voi Vosily Jesarethelv, omwe amayendayenda kwambiri m'ngalawa, akufuna kuwona bambo otchuka. Wansembeyo anatengedwa kupita mchombolo, ndipo kuvuta kwa Vovoko atapempha mdalitso wachinyamata. Mateyo Semerea adabweretsa njira yopumira avvakum, koma adawona "wogona" mtundu wa Guy (adayesa ndevu zake), anakana kusiya matenda.
Wokwiyayo adalamula kuti achoke ku avakum mumtsinje, ndipo chozizwitsacho chimatha kupulumutsa moyo - asodzi adafika pa nthawi.
Kusakula ndi wotsutsa mitundu yonse ya zosangalatsa, avvakum idayamba kusokonekera, powona anthu aku Etatrians. Christischi akakhala ndi zimbalangondo ndi zida zoimbira zimabwera kumudzi, protopap idathamangira ku kampani yoseketsa ndi nkhonya. Cightis adaphedwa, Tambulirine ndi Domra adathyola, chimbalangondo chimodzi chidasokonekera, ndipo chachiwiri chidathawa kuthengo.
Protophop ya avvakum sinawope kunyalanyaza osauka, amisala ndi osauka. Mkazi wamasiye atadandaula kuti mwana wawo wamkazi adatenga mwana wake wamkazi, wansembe, wopanda kuganiza. Mitsempha amamenya avakapom Petrovich mpaka atafa ndikuwononga nyumbayo.
Kwa nthawi yochepa iye adatumikira a Avvakum Protopop ndi ku Yerthevts-Pobersky, komwe adamasuliridwa kuchokera kumudzi wa Lopataints. Msuzi wopembedza wa mlaliki ndipo pano adayambitsa mikangano ndi opangira matchalitchi omwe sanafune kutsatira ma canons akale osati malangizo a m'busa. Avvakuku adamenya Batoga ndikuponderezedwa, adamuwopseza iye ndi abale. Okhulupirira akale adathamanga ku Moscow mu 1651.
Mu likulu, protopop avvakum, wamasiku a mfumu, adapanga abwenzi ndi mfumu ya chivomerezo komanso kholo lamtsogolo Nikon. Ndi kholo lakale Yosefe, wansembe adachita nawo nawo kalata yosindikiza buku la buku. Pamene protopap ya Obanki ya ku Kazan ya ku Kazan ya John idachotsedwa pa mpingo wa Tchalitchi, mnyumba yomwe avvakum idayima, wansembe wake m'malo adamlowa.
Posakhalitsa, ubale wokhala ndi Nikon wasanduka udani: Avavakum's Orthodophy's Orthodophy's Orthodophy idakhazikitsidwa ndi chikhulupiriro cha chitsanzo cha wachikale, ndipo kholo lakale Nikon, yemwe adatenga malo a Yosefe, adachita kusintha mpingo. Arseny Greek adawonekera ku Moscow. Nikon zokonda ndi mabuku achi Greek, pomwe avvakum idauzidwa kuti a Rush Orthodox. Protophopi ya avavakum idatembenukira kwa mfumu ndi pempholi, pomwe Nikon adatsutsidwa ndi miyambo yachi Greek.
M'dzinja la 1653, katundu wakaleyo adazunzidwa - adatengedwa kupita ku Andronikov nyumba ya nyumba. Mumchendo wa tchizi, avavakum adalonjeza kwa masiku atatu, koma osagonjetsa. Nikon adalamula kuyamwa kwa kupandukako, koma mfumuyo sinalole, kusinthana kuti alumikizane ndi ulalo wa Sabolk.
Ku Tobolk, Anepop Anevakum idapitiliza kusokonekera ndi kutsutsidwa kwa chichitini, pomwe adatchulidwa ku Thinstikalia. Pomwepo mlaliki adadzudzula mwini wake m'deralo - marchinsy rowege poshkov. Anamenya avvakum ndikuyika m'lifupi mwake nthawi yozizira.
Chapakatikati, kupandukayo kunatsimikizika mu gulu, lomwe linasunthira kummawa kupyola baikal, amur ndi shale. Ana awiri a avvakum adamwalira pamsewu wolemera uyu. Mu 1663, protopop imabwerera ku Moscow, komwe mfumu idayitanidwa. Choyambitsa chisomo chosayembekezeka chinali OPAL Nikon. Mfumuyo idawonetsa kuti okhulupilira akale akhale ovomereza, koma adakana, osawona mwa kudzipereka kwa mfumu ku Costanodoxy.
Posakhalitsa avvakum protophop, ndipo sindinkaganiza kuti ndiphunzire kupsa mtima komanso chidwi chonena zonse zomwe amaganiza, osaganizira zotsatira zake, zabwera kwa adani atsopano. Akuluakulu a gulu lakale amatsutsana ndi tchalitchi, adabatizidwa ndi awiri, osati zala zitatu, adasewera pamtanda wa 8. Patatha chaka chimodzi, mfumu ya mfumuyi idasinthidwa ndi mkwiyo komanso kupanduka, adatchula dera la Arkhangels.
Mu 1666, avvakwam Petrovich idapezekanso ku Moscow ku Khothi La Nikon. Pambuyo poyendayenda koopsa, iye anali kuyembekezera anthu, koma mlalikiyo anaimirira iye. Khotilo limatumiza avakam kuchokera ku mpingo ndipo adatenga digiriyi, ndikupangitsa mkwiyo ndi kuyika kwa athenama mpaka utsogoleri wapamwamba wa mpingo.
Chaka cha madzi achikondi ankasungidwa mu nyumba ya amonke pafupi ndi Kaluga, koma sanaswe. Kenako avvakum idatchulidwa kwa emotorsk, mu mliri. Ku Srub, anamizidwa kuti akhale ndi mizu yozizira, wansembeyo anayamba zaka 14. Kulalikira sikunapozedwe: popanda kukhala ndi mwayi wolankhula ndi otsatira, mtsogoleri wauzimu anatumiza dzikolo kudzera mwa anthu okhulupirika a kalatayo. Chifukwa chake "moyo" wotchuka, pambuyo pake umatchedwa autobigraphy woyamba.
Maantis amapita kwa mlaliki, yemwe ankatchedwa Woyera. Kuchokera kwa iye kumanzere, obisalira makalata antchito. Mawu a Spikakake asungidwa chifukwa cha mauthenga achinsinsi awa.
Moyo Wanu
Okhulupirira okalamba okalamba otchuka amasonkhana ndi azimayi awiri - Feodosia Morozova, wodziwika ngati chibwenzi monoozov, ndi mkazi wa nstasta Markovna.
Woyamba ndi wophunzira wauzimu wa avvakum protopopa, monga iye, wokhudzidwa ndi chikhulupiriro ndi kubzala. Wake - wokwiya, wokhala ndi maso owotcha - akuwonetsedwa molakwika a Surikov. Monga mlangizi wauzimu, morozova adamwalira, osafuna kusintha zikhulupiriro.
Wachiwiri ndi wokhulupirika amene anabereka mwamuna wake wa ana asanu ndi anayi. Oyera a Mkulu Okalamba adathandizira moyo wake wonse. Monga avwakum, nastasya anaulula zakale. Anali okwatirana pamikhalidwe yaposachedwa ya achinyamata: Mwamuna wake ali ndi zaka 17, mkazi wake ali ndi zaka 14. Kumanja kuchokera kumudzi umodzi, onse onse awiriwa, ana amasiye.
Okwatirana amakhala ndi moyo, monga momwe amafotokozera Homtomroy: mlaliki wamtsogolo adakwatirana ndi mtsikanayo kumbali ya mayi. Koma ukwatiwo udzaperekedwa modzipatulira: mkazi adatsatiridwa kwambiri ndi mwamuna wake m'maumboni ndi kuyendayenda. Ku Siberia, popita kumalo opita ku Tobolk, popanda kukonzekera mikhalidwe yankhanza, ana awiri aang'ono anamwalira.
Avvakwam Petrovich adawona mkhalidwe wa mkazi wake wamkazi wa Orthodox mwa mkazi wake ndikutchedwa nastasyan "Wothandizira Chipulumutso." Nustasda Markovna adakhala chitsanzo kwa akazi a mmiriririrists, otsutsa ndi onse omwe adatengedwa nawo, kwa azimayi omwe adatulutsidwa ndi moyo wodekha komanso womasuka ndikutsatira amuna awo.
M'buku la "Chilango chopanda umbanda", Alexander Avdeenko adakumbukira nkhani yomwe idafikira pa nthawiyo zomwe banjali limayang'ana. Atasiyidwa ndi mawu ena, mwanayo adapempha mwamuna wake, angadandaule mpaka liti?
- Markovna! Mpaka imfa."Zabwino, Petrovich, io ndiye mmwamba."
Yankho la mzimayi lidakhala mtundu wa makolo a akazi onse omwe adagawana nawonso manda a amuna awo. Anastasia Markovna anamwalira pamaso pa mnzake. Imfa ya theka lachiwirili, mwamunayo adapulumuka molimbika: Thandizo lalikulu, mlangizi ndi abwenzi apita.
Imfa
Pambuyo pa kumwalira kwa mfumu, Alexei Mikhailovich Tron adatenga mwana wa Fyodor Alekseevich, opembedza komanso owoneka bwino. Rezero avvakum, akuyembekeza kuti adzatha kuchotsa mfumuyi kuchokera ku mwambo wachi Greek, adamulemba kalata. Ananenanso kuti adalota maloto onena za Bateyushka Alexei Mikhailovic, akuwotcha laya lamoto wovomerezedwa ndi chikono cha Nikoni.
Protophop sanawerengere kuti Feyodar am'neneza ndikumuneneza kuti "Hulal Bula kunyumba yachifumu" ndi mpingo unagawika. Nthawi ya mfumuyo idalangidwa mwankhanza. Mu 1682, okhulupilira okalamba ndi anzawo a Epiphanen, Lazar ndi Fyodoki adaphedwa m'maso mwa khamulo. Anamangirizidwa ndi ngodya za srub, iwo adaponya makungwa ndi nthambi zouma ndikuyatsa moto.
Protopop Anevakum idadziwa za kuperekera kuphedwa, kupereka mabuku ndi malo osowa, valani malaya oyera. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti adaona kuyeretsa kwamoto ndikuyitanidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti adzileletse. Kumoto kuchokera kumoto adafera.
Kuphedwa kunachitika Lachisanu sabata lokopa. Malinga ndi zomwe akufuna, lawi lamoto litawombera thambo, avvakum idakweza dzanja lake ndi kamwa yowirikiza ndikufuula:
"Orthodox! Ngati mtanda wotere udzapemphera - sadzafa m'zaka zana zapitazo. Ndipo usiye mtanda uno, ndipo mzindawu ubweretsa mchenga wako, ndipo chimaliziro chidzafika kumapeto! ".Zosangalatsa
- Avvakum amatchedwa kholo la mawu aulere, ovomerezeka ndi mabuku ophiphiritsa. Amadziwika kuti ndi zolemba 43, kuphatikizapo "buku la zokambirana", "buku la" BUKU la "BUKU la kutanthauzira". Ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ndi "moyo", kumasulira kwa mabuku a komwe kukutchuka masiku ano.
- Avvakum protopop - ngwazi ya filimu ya 20-serial Nicholas inagawanika. Mutu waukulu wa mndandanda - Kusinthana komwe kwachitika ndi kholo lakale Nikon ndi kukana, zomwe zidalunjika ndi avvakum protopop.
- Okhulupirira akale amatchedwa mlaliki woyamba wa Sukulu Yothandiza kwambiri ziphunzitso zadziko lonse lapansi ziphunzitso zachipembedzo padziko lonse lapansi. Pazaka za kutchuka kwake, kuchuluka kwa madongosolo ambiri kukuchulukirachulukira. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 1687, anthu opitilira 2,000 anawotchedwa ku Paleostrovy Monket. Pa Ogasiti 9, mchaka chomwecho mu Berezov wa onetsky County - opitilira 1000.
- Zizindikiro zakale zokhulupirira, zomwe ankalambira avvakum, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zolemba zambiri paminda, nkhope zakuda. M'zaka za zana la XVIII, orthodoxy adaletsa kupanga zifaniziro zotere.
- M'malemba a avvakum adasunga mawu omwe amatchedwa "waulosi." Pofotokoza za zaka za kusintha ndi nkhondo zaboma kuchokera ku Avvakum kuti: "Russia yodziwika bwino ya satana yakula zochokera kwa Mulungu, imawaonetsa mantha kufera magazi."
- M. Sain mu zokambirana zake mu "University of Courvery" adamasulira grussutin ngati "mfuti ya Avvakum protopopa" kunyumba ya Romanov.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, mpingo wakalewu unamupanga iye kuti akhale pamaso pa oyera, ndipo m'mudzi wa Grigorovo kumapeto kwa zaka za XX, chipilala cha Avvaku.