Chiphunzitso
Wolemba waku Britain komanso wolemba ndakatulo wobwezeretsanso Kindland adatchuka chifukwa cha nkhani ndi ndakatulo. Aphorisms, mawu ndi wolemba mawu sataya. Moyo ndi luso la amene adaliponso limapitilizabe kuchititsa chidwi - ku Kipling kudali kosangalatsa, koma kovuta.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Joseph Reddard Kipling adabadwa pa Disembala 30, 1865 ku Bombay. Dzinali limakhulupirira kuti limapatsidwa mwayi wolemekeza nyanjayi ya dzina lomweli, komwe amake ndi abambo ake amadziwa. Zaka zoyambirira mumlengalenga wa nzika za India zinali zosangalatsa kwa mwana. Koma atakwanitsa zaka 5, Redliard ndi mlongo wake, yemwe anali nthawi imeneyo zaka 3, wotumizidwa kukaphunzira ku England.
Zaka 6 zikubwerazi, Aipmeli amakhala m bondo. Pa nthawiyo adayenera kukhala kovuta: eni ake anali ndi mwana woipa, nthawi zambiri amalangidwa. Mphunzitsiyo anakhala mkazi wopanda chisoni ndi ma handa. Reddiard inali yochepa, imawopseza ndikumenya. Maganizo oterewa anali ndi mphamvu kwambiri pamtunduwu ndipo anasiya zotsatirapo zake: Wolemba kumapeto kwa moyo wake anavutika ku tulone.
Mayi amene anapita kukacheza ana azaka zingapo, anachita mantha ndi Mnyamatayo: Mnyamatayo sanachite khungu chifukwa cha mantha amanjenje. Mkaziyo anabwerera kwa ana ku India, koma ku Kipling yakunyumba sikunali kwa nthawi yayitali.
Pofuna kulembetsa mu Acadion Assion Academy, ali ndi zaka 12 anakonza zoti sukulu ya Solain "Westord-Ho". Malingaliro a wotsogolera adagwira mnzake wa Kiipling Peter - mtengo wa Korzell, woyamba kulimbikitsa chidwi cha mwana.
Bungwe la maphunziro linalamulira bwino mkhalidwe ndi chiwawa. Mnyamatayo adakwiya ndi aphunzitsi opanda nzeru, ndipo ophunzira, omwe adakumana ndi anyamata akulu ndi akale. Rudinda anawerenga kwambiri, ali ndi zaka 12 amavala magalasi ndipo anali kukula pang'ono. Kukhala mu "Westord-ho" yakhala mayeso ovuta kwa wolemba mtsogolo, koma palibe chomwe chidasokoneza mnyamatayo ngati munthu. Kwa zaka 5, anavutika ndipo ngakhale "analowa ka kukoma" kwa zopota zazikulu.
Wachinyamatayo amakhulupirira kwathunthu kufunika kwa maphunziro ogonjera, omwe adamulowetsa kuti azidzilemekeza. Ma Kiring anazindikira kulimba koyenera, ndipo lingaliro la malamulo ngati dongosolo loletsa kunyamula makona. Nthawi yokhala mu sukuluyi kwenikweni adatsimikiza malingaliro ndi mfundo za Kipling. Khalidwe lake lidapangidwa koyambirira monga malingaliro a mnyamatayo.
Chifukwa chosawoneka bwino, Reddia sanapitirize ntchito yawo yankhondo. Anasiya "West-Ho" lokhala ndi zolakwa, ndipo popeza sukuluyo sinapatse maboma ovomerezedwa ku Oxford kapena Cambridge, mapangidwe a rediard adatha.
Atachita chidwi ndi nkhani za mwana, bambo ake anamupanga kukhala mtolankhani wa gulu la anthu olemba "zachilendo komanso nyuzipepala", yomwe inatuluka ku Lahore. Pa moyo wachinyamatayo anali ndi chizolowezi chomutengera m'moyo wa Manthec. Mzimu Wake, miyambo, miyambo, yosakanizika kwa malamulo ndi ku Mesiya idachita tsoka la Rediard kutali ndi gawo lomaliza.
Malembo
Kipling, kumverera wolemba ntchito, adapanga ntchito ya "Sukulu ya Sukulu", pomwe kwenikweni amatengera ndakatulo zomwe zikutsogolera nthawi imeneyo. Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu, wolembayo amasintha kalembedwe kalemba, palotanthwe zodziwika bwino ndikuwonetsa msonkhano ndi zojambulazo kwa maluso awo.
Kumapeto kwa 1882, mnyamatayo abwerera kwawo ndikugwira ntchito ndi mtolankhani. Munthawi yake yaulere, Rudnornornda amalemba nkhani ndi ndakatulo zomwe zimatumizidwa m'bukuli mu nyuzipepala. Kaputikulu anali pachiwonetsero chaulaliki kwa zaka 7: ambiri adatsutsidwa mdziko muno, pomwe kusazindikira ndi tsankho kumagwirizana ndi zauzimu zapamwamba. Maluso a mtolankhani adamulowetsa kuti akuletse bwino zachilengedwe komanso zakuthupi.
Reddarde mwachangu adazindikira luso la nkhani yachidule, adagunda kukhwima koyambirira ndi fecundity. Polemba ntchito, kawiya umagwirizana ndi vuto lalikulu: kukhala ndi mawu 1200. Zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu gawo loyamba la "Nkhani zosavuta kuchokera kumapiri". Nkhani zambiri zomwe zidapangidwa ku India zidatuluka mwa mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono ofunda.
Nyuzipepala yomwe ikupangidwa ku Allahabad inaganiza kuti mtolankhani woti akhale nkhani zingapo za mayiko osiyanasiyana. MIYANJI YOPHUNZITSIRA AMAFUNA moyo wa anthu a ku Asia ndi America. Zowona zapadera zomwe zidalandiridwa ndi zomwe zimadziwika ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana ndi zikhalidwe zooneka ngati zidazilemba m'mabuku 6. Dziko la mabuku lidalandira wolemba chidwi, ndipo kutsutsidwa kumatinso silabo yake yoyambirira.
Atayenda ku England, Kipling adapita ku China, adayendera Burma, Japan ndi North America. Poyamba, poyamba ankalankhula ku India, ndipo posakhalitsa mu mzindawu. Atalandira ziwonetsero zambiri kuchokera paulendo woyendayenda, Rudino anabwerera ku London, komwe anayamba kugwira ntchito zatsopano.
Apa, nkhani zake zidapita ku Grab, Kipling likupitilizabe kukhala ndi mutu waku India, ndipo mtunda pakati pa wolemba ndi nyumbayo adapatsa chidwi kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa luso, wolemba adayesa kutenga nawo gawo pamoyo wa likulu la likulu. Otsutsa adalandira bwino za ntchito ya "laibulale ya njanji yaku India", komanso nkhani "yowala" - sanalandire ndemanga zabwino.
Kupambana kodabwitsa kwa wolemba wachinyamata kumafanana ndi maluso omwe amakonda kwambiri. Kutchuka kwa Kipling kumafotokozedwa ndi muyeso ndi mawonekedwe ake. Adalowa mdziko lapansi panthawi yomwe iyi ikufunika kusintha, kufunika kokula ngwazi zatsopano ndi malingaliro osangalatsa.
Reddiard idakopa chidwi kwa anthu wamba, kuwawonetsa pakachitika zochitika zachilendo komanso mopambanitsa pomwe gawo lonse la munthu limatsimikizika, mayamu ake obisika amatsegulidwa. Kukhumudwa Kwambiri ndi Anthu Osakonda, wolemba anali pantchito ndipo anatsegula nduna ya chilengedwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku.
Wolemba Demo Demolat chilankhulo komanso mtundu wa ndakatulo, womwe unali chinthu chachikulu chochita zaluso. Kuchokera pamasamba a wolemba, gulu la moyo wosasinthika linasankhidwa, adafotokozanso za dziko lapansi monga momwe zilili.
Nditakonda kumeza nkhani za ana. Otsutsa adavomereza ntchitozi - nthano zachabe zobweretsedwa kwa wolemba zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kale. Mu 1907, Kiputi, Chingerezi choyamba padziko lonse lapansi, adalandira mphoto ya Nobel m'mabuku. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, Upling ndi wocheperako kwambiri kuposa ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa. Wolemba adabwera pamwambowu, koma osanena zowona. Zitatha izi, ntchito za wolemba zidakana.
Moyo Wanu
Ku London, a Ruda Kipling anakumana ndi wofalitsa wachinyamata wa Walcott Beilsiri, yemwe mu 1892 adamwalira ndi Typhus. Atangomwalira, wolembayo anakwatira mlongo wake Walcota - Carolina. Okwatiranawo akasangalalana nthawi yaulendo, bankiyo, komwe ndalama za Kiple zidagwera. Ndalama za achinyamata zinali zokwanira panjira yolowera ku Vermont, pomwe abale ake amakhala.
Poyamba, kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumene kumenewo adabera. Koma mwana wamkazi wa Josephine atabadwa, atabadwa m'chipindacho atakhala pafupi kwambiri, banjali linagula dziko lapansi, limakondweretsa ndi kukonza nyumbayo. Mwana wamkazi wachiwiri Elsi adabadwira m'banja ili. Banja limakhala ndi moyo zaka zinayi, mpaka mkangano wofuula ndi Shurin.
Pambuyo pa chiwopsezo mu 1896, banja limabwerera ku England, komwe mwana wachitatu amabadwa - mwana wa Yohane. RedarArde anali bambo wachikondi, ngakhale nthano yomwe moto unkatentha kwambiri zauzimu, kilipling yopangidwa ndi ana.
Sikuti chilichonse mwa wolemba anali kukhala chosalala. Paulendo wopita ku United States, mwana wamkazi wamkulu wa Josephine adamwalira adamwalira chifukwa cha kutupa kwa m'mapapu - kunayamba kugunda kwa wolemba.
Pa izi, kutayika kwa Redard kunatha - imfa ya Mwana mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, yomwe thupi lake silinazipeze, adasiya chilonda mumtima mwa wolemba. Kipling ndi Carolina mu nthawi yankhondo adagwira ntchito yofiyira pamtanda, adatha zaka 4 kuti afotokozere za imfa ya Mwana.
Iwo anali ndi chiyembekezo choti mwana wamwamuna anagwidwa kwa Ajeremani. Koma mu June 1919, pamapeto pake, wolemba adauza zankhondo ya imfa ya Mwana wake. Pazochitikazi zimasefa filimuyo "mwana wanga Jack".
Mwa ana atatu a Kiyili, Elsi yekha ndi amene adakhala moyo wautali: adamwalira ali ndi zaka 80. Mzimayi yemwe ali pa intaneti, wayesera kusunga miyambo ya mwamuna wake ndi bambo ake pamoyo wawo wonse. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Elsie, adatenga malo ake ku Fund Toun.
Imfa
Rudi Wapitirize kulemba, koma kupambana kwalembedwa. Kuyambira mu 1915, wolemba anali ndi vuto la gastritis, koma pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti matendawa anali molakwika - zenizeni, Kipling adavutika ndi zilonda. Wolemba adamwalira ku London pa Januware 18, 1936, pasanathe sabata atachitidwa opaleshoni. Thupi la redard limatenthedwa, ndipo fumbi limapezeka pakona ya ndakatulo ku Westminster Abbey Abbey, pafupi ndi Charles Dickens ndipo Thomas Hardy.Kulowa kwadzuwa kwa Ulemerero wa Kipling kunali kowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso mosamala, komanso kupezeka kwa anthu onse. Amakono amaganiza kuti wolemba amadutsa mutuwo ndi mfundo zabwino zomwe amavomereza.
Komabe, kuyambira chiyambi cha 40s, ntchito ya Kipling imakonzedwa ndi otsutsa. Pambuyo pakubwezeretsanso kwa zopereka za ndakatulo za rediard, chidwi ndi ntchitozo.
M'bali
- 1888 - "Nkhani Zosavuta Kumapiri"
- 1888 - "Asitikali atatu"
- 1888 - "Mwana Willi Vinni"
- 1893 - "Mphaka White"
- 1894 - "Buku la Jungse"
- 1895 - "Buku Lachiwiri la nkhalango"
- 1896 - "Akuluakulu Olimba Mtima"
- 1896 - "Nyanja 6"
- 1896 - "Izi Zoyera"
- 1898 - "Ntchito Za Tsiku"
- 1899 - "mapesi ndi k"
- 1899 - "Wolemetsa wa munthu"
- 1903 - "Mitundu Isanu"
- 1901 - Kim "
- 1904 - "Njira ndi Kutsegulira"
- 1906 - "Pak kuchokera ku Phiri la Bchera"
- 1909 - "Zochita ndi Kuchotsa"
- 1910 - "Mwalandira ndi Fairy"
- 1910 - Lamulo la "Lamulo la" ("Kodi mwa gulu la anthu lasokonezedwa")
- 1918 - "munda wa Gefsema"
- 1919 - "Maso Amvi"
- 1923 - "" Oyang'anira aku Ireland pankhondo yayikulu "
- 1932 - "Kuletsa ndi kusintha"
- 1937 - "Pang'onopang'ono za iwe"