Chiphunzitso
Cholengedwa cha penicillin, wothandizira antibillin woyamba, dziko linkakakamizidwa ku EnglicIogiiosciogibiologiboogiseogiyo wa Chingerezi alexander Fleming. Ndipo ngakhale kupambana kwakukulu kwamankhwala kunachitika chifukwa cha vuto lopanga lomwe linalamulira ku labotale, ndikosatheka kunyalanyaza ma noleate pamunda wamankhwala.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Alexander Fleming, yemwe ali mwana wachikondi amatchedwa Alec, adabadwa pa Ogasiti 6, 1881 mu mzinda wa Darweshi wa Darwel. Abambo akukumbatira moto wokhala ndi malo osungiramo famu. Amayi a anyamata, Chisomo cholimbikitsa chinyama, adakhala mkazi wachiwiri wokumbatira ndikubereka ana anayi. Alekizander adadzakhala wachiwiri.
Kuyambira ukwati woyamba, mlimi adadzakhalabe ana anayi. Mwamunayo anali ndi zaka 59 atasankha ukwati wachiwiri, ndipo akumbatirana anachitika kuti akamwalira palibe amene angasamalire ana ang'onoang'ono. Abambo anamwalira Alek anali ndi zaka 7. Mwamwayi, chisomo chidachitika kuti ukhale mkazi wamphamvu. Adathamangitsa banja, gawani ntchito yokonza famuyo ndi kulera kwa wam'ng'ono. Ngakhale anali wosangalala kwambiri kwa mayi, Alec ndi abale ake sangathe kutchedwa osokoneza.
M'zaka 5 zamtsogolo, Darhachide adapereka ku zakumidzi. Banja lotha kuththawa limakhala pafamu, motero m'mawa uliwonse anawo anayenera kuyenda 7 km kudzera m'minda kuti afike kuphwandoko. Mu masiku othana, chisomo chinapatsa aliyense mu mbatata zotentha kuti azitentha manja ake.
Njira yaminga inkangolimbitsa mtima alec kuti adziwe, ndipo ali ndi zaka 12 adalowa ku sukulu ya Kilmarnok. Patatha zaka ziwiri, pamodzi ndi abale aja, mnyamatayo anasamukira ku London ndipo anayamba kumvetsera zokambirana ku Royal Polytech. Malangizo omwe anawathandiza kusankha Mbale Thomas, yemwe amagwira ntchito ngati ophthalmologist. Chifukwa chake Alec adayamba kuphunzira zamankhwala.
Chidziwitso chomwe chidapeza nkhani zomwe zidathandiza mnyamatayo mu 1901 kuti alowe sukulu yachipatala ku chipatala chopatulika. Komanso, anali wachisoni wophunzira mphatso kwambiri. Mu 1906, Fleming adakhala bachelor wa zamankhwala ndi opaleshoni, mu 1908 - Bachelor of bacteriology.
Sayansi
Mu 1906, pulofesa wa matenda a Almert Wright, yemwe adapanga mankhwala ochokera m'mimba, adapempha Flephy ku Department ku Grand ku St. Mary. Pamenepo, asayansi ndi ophunzira atatu anali kuyang'ana njira yokakamiza ma antibodies kuti athane ndi matenda opatsirana.
Zochita zogwirizana ndi Alexander Fleming ndipo Almert Wright adayamba ndi yaying'ono. Pulofesayo anagwira ntchito yopanga zida zomwe zingalole kuti zisasangalatse komanso zopanda vuto. Kuwona zotsatira za ntchitozo, wophunzirayo adalongosola za syphilis omwe ali ndi syphilis omwe amasanthula sangatengedwe osati 5 ml ya magazi kuchokera m'mitsempha, ndi 0,5 ml - kuchokera pala.
M'zaka zonsezi, syphilis imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazovuta komanso zosachiritsika. Popangidwa mu 1907 ndi Pasm Pal Paracich, mankhwala "Salvarsan" a Salvarsasta anathandiza ngakhale atayamba ku Vienna. Ngakhale izi zinali zovuta m'makhalidwe amakono, Fleming zidathana ndi luso. Adanenanso za zotsatira za chithandizo ndi odwala 46 mu imodzi mwankhani zasayansi yoyamba.
Pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, Almert Wright adapemphedwa kuti azikonza labotale ku France pophunzira matenda opatsirana omwe asirikali adamwalira. Pulofesa woitanitsa kuti athawe naye.
Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti antiseptics omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyo kuthira mabala a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, adakulitsa vutoli. M'nkhani ya nyuzipepala ya Lancet, wasayansi ananena kuti antiseptics amagwira pokhapokha, osakhala m'mabala ozama pomwe mabala osokoneza bongo amabisika, kuphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kuti machiritso achotsedwa. Mfundo imeneyi yothandizidwa ndi Wright. Komabe, ambiri mwa madokotala ambiri ankhondo anapitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito ma antiseptics, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zikuipiraipira kwa odwala.
Moormored mu 1919, Fleming anabwerera ku England ndipo anapitiliza kufufuza mabakiteriya. Odziwa zambiri, asayansi atsimikizira kuti aniseptics amachepetsa kapena kuthetsa mphamvu yamafuta, omwe leukocytes amapezeka.
Mu 1922, kubuula koyamba koyamba kwasayansi kudakometsedwa m'chilengedwe cham'chipembedzo cha magetsi: Kafukufuku wolumikizana adayambitsidwa kuti atulutsidwe a lysozyme, antibacciriya. Panthawiyo, Fleming anakonza zozizira ndipo kamodzi osankhidwa mu kapu ndi mabakiteriya. Pambuyo pa masiku 5, zidapezeka kuti zinthu zoyipa zidasowa kumalo a ntchofu, ku Turoture kuchokera ku ma virus kunali komveka bwino. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti misozi ndi malovu amunthu analinso "kuyeretsa" kuthekera powonjezera mapuloteni dzira.
Lizozyme amawonedwapo njira yopulumutsa antibacterial mpaka kuthyoka wotseguka penicillin mu 1928. Vesi la Steasisiti pa tsiku limenelo:
"Nditadzuka m'Pating'ono pa Seputembara 28, 1928, ine, sindinakonzekere mabakitsiro ndi kutsegulidwa kwanga kwa mankhwala oyamba antiokitiki, kapena akupha. Koma ndikuganiza kuti izi ndi zomwe ndidachita. "Kubwerera Kukubwerera Kutchuthi mu 1928, Fleming adapezeka mu imodzi mwa makapu bowa. Neoplasm adawononga ma virus owopsa osungidwa mu kapu. Kwa masiku angapo, wasayansi sanatuluke chifukwa cha mabuku ndipo adapeza kuti patsogolo pa iye Penicillium chrysogenum, "mbolo ya golide".
Fleming anazindikira kuti iyi inali mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri. Ngati Lizozyme adamenya mabakiteriya osavulaza, kenako penicillis amatha kuchiza syphilis, chibayo, meningitis, gangerrhea ndi imfa ina. Zinthu zomwe zapezeka za asayansiyo zidafalitsidwa mu Jourch Britain Journal of Allogy. Kudabwitsidwa kwake, dziko lasayansi silinatembenukire kumbali yapadera, ndipo chidziwitso cha acrobiidiogilaonera sichinali chokwanira chochotsera okha kapena kuti muchotsenso chinthu cha mankhwalawa ndi mphamvu zochokera ku bowa. Malingaliro amayenera kuti asinthidwe ku bokosi lalitali.
Kungoti mu 1940 kokha, patatha zaka 12 kuchokera pamenepa, Ernst Chein ndi Howard Flori adabwera kudzathamangitsidwa. Anayeretsa zinthuzo kuti izi zinkachiritsa mbewa zomwe zimapezeka ndi staphylococcus.
Zinali zoopsa kuchita zokumana nazo mwa anthu, pomwe Flering adagwira ntchito kuchipatala chopatulika, sanalandire mnzake. Adamwalira ndi meningitis. Chidwi cha sayansi ndi kufunitsitsa kupulumutsa mnzanu wasayansi kuti azimuchitira mobisa penicillin wodwala. Pakatha mwezi umodzi wa jakisoni, wodwalayo adachira kuposa momwe ma antibayotiki omwe amapezeka adatsimikiziridwa.
Mu 1943, mkati mwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, kupanga miyeso yambiri kunakhazikitsidwa ku pharmacological. Chifukwa cha mankhwalawa, asitikali ovulalawo adachiritsidwa m'mabala owopsa ndikubwerera kutsogolo.
Alexander Fleming adamvetsetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito sitekitin kunatha kupanga mabakiteriya osagwirizana ndi maantibayotiki. Zitha kuchitika ngati chithandizocho chinali chachifupi ndipo chinachitika ndi Mlingo wawung'ono. Kulankhula za kutseguka kwa dziko lapansi, wasayansi nawonso anachenjeza anthu kuti asatenge maantibayotiki popanda kuyika dokotala.
Penicillin ndi chopereka chachikulu ku biology ndi mankhwala: mpaka pano, maantibayotiki adapangidwa pamaziko a zinthuzo, zomwe zimapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Pakupezeka kumeneku, Fleming adalandira mphotho yosiyanasiyana, yomwe ndi mphotho ya Nobel. "Potsegulidwa kwa penicillina ndi achire polimbana nawo motsutsana ndi matenda opatsirana polimbana ndi matenda opatsirana" a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso anzake a Fliori ndi ofiira.
Moyo Wanu
Alexander Fleming anali misa. M'ukaudindo, mbuye wake wosafunayo ankagwira 'zopatulika za Maria ", kenako mu" chifundo ". Mu 1942 adalandira mutu wa madicon wamkulu woyamba wa United Stall Hodge. Anafika madigiri 30 (a 33) malinga ndi pangano lakale komanso lovomerezeka la Scottish.
Alexander Fleming anali wokwatiwa kawiri.
Pa Disembala 23, 1915, mkazi wasayansi wakhala namwino wa chipatala cha St. Mary, Ireland Sarah Mcharrow. Chaka chotsatira, mwana wamwamuna adabadwa mwana wamwamuna Robert, yemwe adapita kumapazi a bambo ake ndipo adadzakhala dokotala. Banjali linakhala lolimba - mpaka kufa kwa Sara mu 1949, okwatirana amakhala mu moyo.
Mu 1953, wasayansi adakwatirananso. Amalia Kotxuri-hurekas, Greennas mwa mtunduwo, anali kwa zaka 31 kuposa mwamuna wake. Amapanga mapangidwe a bacteriagist, koma adadzipereka pa ntchito za anthu. Zaka 2 zitatha ukwati, Amalia adakhala wamasiye.
Imfa
Pa Marichi 11, 1955, mu 74, Alexander Fleming wamwalira chifukwa cha kuukira kwa mtima ku London. Pofunsidwa ndi gulu lofalidwa, lotenthedwa, ndipo fumbi linawotchedwa mu tchalitchi cha St. Paul, pafupi ndi manda a Admeral Horatio Nelson. Landstoneng, kuweruza ndi chithunzi, zoyambirira zidalembedwa kuti: "A.f.".Zosangalatsa
- Zopeza zonse zasayansi za Alexander Fleming zidachitikira chifukwa chodetsa. Amanenedwa kuti labotale wa a Microbiologiyo anali atadzaza ndi machubu, machubu, ma syringe ndi machesi, kuyeretsa desktoop inali yosowa. Mwachilengedwe, nkhungu yomwe inayambitsidwa m'masiku a mankhwala. Chifukwa chake, kumanzere kwa sabata chikho chonyansa cha Petri mwangozi amapanga bowa wa bowa, omwe pambuyo pake adasinthidwa kukhala kukonzekera kolimba kwa penicillin.
- Pambuyo potsegula penicillina, kuzindikira sayansi kunagwera ku Alexander Fleming. Mu Julayi 1944, mfumu ya Great Britain idampatsa mutu "mbuye", mu Novembala 1945, wasayansi adakhalapo katatu konse ndi Dr. Sayansi. Mwa njira, nthawi yomweyo, nduna yayikulu ya Britian Winston Church ndi Wardighter Nkhondo Yadziko II Bernard Mont Courcomery adalandira digiri ya Dokor.
- Amati njira za ku tchalitchi ndi Flema imapitirizidwa kuposa kamodzi. Mu ma 1950, gulu lachipembedzo lokomera "mphamvu kukoma mtima" lopangidwa ndi nthano molingana ndi momwe wasayansi, pokhala mwana wandale wina, adatulutsa andale zam'tsogolo za chithaphwi. Monga chizindikiro cha kuthokoza, bambo a Trescill adalipira maphunziro a Fleming ku mabungwe abwino azachipatala, kuphatikiza ku Royal Polytechnic Institute. Palinso nkhani yoti munthawi yankhondo, ndale kuchokera pakufa kwa penicillin yomwe idapulumutsidwa. Chomwecho Flexander Fleming adakanidwa mu kalata yopita kwa mnzake Andre Grazia:
Mawu
Kwa wofufuza palibe chisangalalo choposa chopezeratu, ngakhale zitakhala zochepa bwanji. Zimamupatsa kulimba mtima kuti apitilize kufuna kwake ... mutu watsopano umatsegulira wasayansi wokha, koma dziko lapansi limakhala lovuta kwambiri, zomwe timachita bwino kwambiri. Ikani wofufuza yemwe azolowera labotale wamba. Nyumba yachifumu yamphamvu, ndipo idzachitika m'modzi wa awiri: mwina adzagonjetsa nyumba yachifumu, kapena nyumba yachifumu idzapambana. Ngati pamwamba akufufuza wofufuzayo, nyumba yachifumu isandulika msonkhano ndipo adzakhala ngati labotale wamba; Koma, ngati pamwamba adzapambana nyumba yachifumu, wofufuzayo adamwalira. Pali kupambana kopambana komwe kumayambitsa zilako latsopano.Zopezeka
- 1922 - antibacterial a ezyme lysozyme
- 1928 - antibioticn penicillin