Chiphunzitso
Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la Xbert, Herber Spencer anali m'modzi mwa ziwerengero zazikulu za malingaliro anzeru. Pambuyo pake, osilira adafanizira iye ndi crate ndi Aristotle. Komabe, ambiri a anthu a nthawi ya Spencer sanayamikire malingaliro ake. Zomwe chopereka chachikulu kwambiri zidapangitsa woganiza bwino ku Britain pakukula kwa malingaliro ndi anthu am'magulu, adalankhula kokha m'zaka za zana la 20, ndipo lero cholowa chake cha sayansi amakananso.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Herbert Spencer adabadwa pa Epulo 27, 1820 ku Derby, Devonshire County. Filosofi mwana anakulira m'banja la mphunzitsi wasukulu. Makolo a Spencer, kupatula iye, atavala ana ena asanu ndi mmodzi, asanu omwe ankamwaliranso mwana.
Herbert sanasiyane kwambiri ndi thanzi, motero bambowo adasankha kuti asamupatse mwana wake kusukulu ndipo adagwira nawo ntchito komanso maphunziro. Mnyamatayo adalanda makolo ake ndi kudziwa kwake, ndi mikhalidwe yake: m'mawu autoograogrance, walusofi adati kusunga nthawi, kudziyimira pawokha, chifukwa cha mfundo zake zoyipa zake, adaphunzira kuchokera kwa abambo ake.
Kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yophunzitsa kwa mwana wake wamwamuna, wopembedza wamkulu adayandikira kusankha mabuku. Herbert adayamba kuwerenga, ndipo ngakhale kupambana kwake pasukulu sikungatchulidwe kofinya, mnyamatayo sakanakhoza kutanthauziridwa, zongopeka ndi zowoneka bwino.
Pa 13, makolo amamutumiza kwa amalume - anali wokonzeka kuchita maphunziro a wachinyamata kuti avomereze ku Cambridge. Komabe, spence, kukayikira maphunziro, sanalowe ku yunivesite.
Pakugwa kwa 1837, Herbert, atakhala ngati injiniya wamanja, anasamukira ku London. Koma atatha zaka zitatu atachoka likulu ndikubwerera kwawo. Pamenepo Spencer anayesa nyonga mu kafukufuku wa masamu, koma popeza sanakule ndi sayansi yolondola, anazimitsidwa mwachangu mpaka izi. Koma mwa mnyamatayo ndidadzuka pachiwonetsero. Mu nyuzipepala ya rodical "," adafalitsa nkhani khumi ndi ziwiri za nkhani zandale komanso zachikhalidwe. Mu 1843, adatuluka ndi buku lina.
Mu zaka zotsatila, Herbert anali ndi moyo pakati pa London ndi Birmingham, kudziyesa yekha mu magawo osiyanasiyana a zochitika. Adalemba ma sewero, ndakatulo ndi ndakatulo, yomwe idafalitsa magazini yakeyo, idagwira ntchito ngati injiniya ndi wopanga. Nthawi yomweyo, mnyamatayo sanasiye kuphunzira, amadziwa ntchito za oterera a ku Britain ndi aku Germany ndipo anali kukonzekera buku lake.
Mafilosofi ndi magulu
Ntchito yoyamba ya Spencer, yotchedwa "Static", idasindikizidwa mu 1851. Mmenemo, wafilosofi anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha chilungamo, chomwe pambuyo pake chinapangidwanso ndi ntchito zina. Maziko a bukulo ndi malingaliro a momwe ndalama zomwe zili mkhalidwe momwe ziliri zimasungidwira. Herbert adakhulupirira kuti njira yotereyi idatheka ngati malo osungirako anthuwo adagonjetsedwa ndi lamulo la ufulu ndipo dongosolo lazomwe lidawachokera.
Pagulu loti kuwerengako kukwaniritsa "zizolowezi zachikhalidwe" koma wolembayo yemweyo adaganiza zoyenera kuwunika moyenera ntchito yake. Koma zomwe zimapangidwa zimakhudza chisamaliro cha akatswiri otchuka a Britasi, omwe Tomasi Huxley, George Eliot, Stewart Mill.
Kulankhula nawo, Herbert adapeza mayina atsopano m'masiku amakono - amodzi mwa omwerades atsopano, milembi, adadziwikitsa ku ntchito za Auguste kont. Kupeza kuti malingaliro ena a France adanenanso za Ake Omwe, Woganiza kuti amavulala. Pambuyo pake, Spencer watsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuti udindo sunasangalatse malingaliro ake.
Mu 1855, vuto la psychology, lofalitsidwa m'mawu awiri linatuluka. Mwa iye, Herbert adafotokoza za lingaliro lake la maphunziro ake. Ntchitoyi idaperekedwa kwa wolemba, adatenga mphamvu zambiri zauzimu ndi zakuthupi. M'chigawo cholembedwa ndi iye, woganizayo adavomereza kuti kumapeto kwa mitsempha yake kudabwera chifukwa cha zovuta ndipo adamaliza nkhani. Koma pamayeso awa sizinathe. "Maziko a psychology" sanayambitse chidwi ndi owerenga, mtengowo sunabweze, ndipo Spencer adasungabe osachita chilichonse.
Anzanu omwe adakonza zolembetsa zoyambirira za "nzeru zopangidwa" zolembetsa "zomwe Herbert adadziyika yekha. Ntchito yogwira ntchito inali yopweteka kwa bambo - Ndiloleni ndidziwe za iye, mopitirira muyeso, omwe amamveka mwa iye panthawi ya psychology ". Komabe, mu 1862 gawo loyambalo linasindikizidwa, lotchedwa "lotseguka". Mu 1864 ndi 1866, mabuku awiri a "zitsulo ziwiri" zidasindikizidwa.
Kudzikoli kwa wafilosofi, mavuto onsewa sanaphule kanthu, owerenga ochokera ku Russia ndi America anali ndi chidwi. Mafani a Spencer ochokera kudziko latsopano adatumizidwa ku kuthekera kwa Woyambitsa Wolemba $ 7,000 kuti akwere mtengo wa mabukuwo. Kwa abwenzi amayenera kugwira ntchito molimbika kuti am'kakamize Herdert kuti atenge ndalamazi. Wowopayo mpaka pomwepo adakana thandizo la ndalama zowolowa manja, koma pamapeto pake adapereka.
Mu 1870 ndi 1872, "zifukwa za psychology" inatuluka. Nthawi yomweyo, Spencer adakwanitsa kugwira ntchito pa nkhani ina yotsimikizika ku Sociogy. Zowona, sizingatenge zofunikira zokha zokha - ndi zaka, masomphenya a wafilosofi ayamba kubisa kuti agwire ntchito yoweruza.
Onse pamodzi adasautsa deta pamtundu wa mayiko osiyanasiyana, amalowa m'magawo apadera. Zinthuzi zikuwoneka ngati Herbert modzidalirika kuti adaganiza zofalitsa buku lina. Gawo loyamba la "gulu lofotokozera" lidasindikizidwa mu 1871, kufalitsidwa kwa mabuku ena 7 780.
Buku loyamba, lomwe linabweretsedwa ndi Spencer, kupambana kwa malonda kunali "kuphunzira kwa anthu achitukuko" (1873). Amafuna kuletsa kumasulidwa kwa "zitsulo zamatsenga" (1877-1896) - malinga ndi wolemba wolemba, mawu oyamba oyambira amafunikira, omwe amalola owerenga kuti amvetsetse sayansi yatsopano. Ntchito zomaliza za Herbert idakhala "maziko a malingaliro" (1879-1893), ntchito yomwe inaikira njira "yopanga filosophy".
Woganiza bwino ku Britain adalirira ku Poritivism - kuyenda kwa filosofi, komwe adachokera ku France. Omtsatira adakhulupirira kuti ka fanizo lachikale sanathe kuyankha mafunso mwachangu a sayansi yamakono. Sanachite chidwi ndi chidziwitso chosayembekezereka, choganiza choganiza, chamtengo wapatali kwambiri m'maphunziro oyenera. Spencer, limodzi ndi oyambitsa omwe alipo ndi Auguste, ndi John Millem, adakhala woimira wa funde loyamba la positivism.
Chiphunzitso chakuti chisinthiko chinapangidwa ndi Herbert anali ponseponse. Malinga ndi iye, chisinthiko ndi lamulo loyambirira la chitukuko chotsatira mu zochitika zonse. Ndi chikhalidwe chosasintha kuchoka pakulumikizana, kuyambira kuderalo kukhazikika komanso kwamuyaya. Gawo lomaliza la chisinthiko ndi kufanana - Mwachitsanzo, pang'onopang'ono ndi amphamvu pagulu. Chiphunzitso ichi chafilosofi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zachikhalidwe, zachilengedwe, zamaganizidwe ndi zina.
Herbert adalankhulanso ndi wolemba chiphunzitso champhamvu. Kampaniyo idamuwoneka ngati chamoyo, chomwe chimawonjezeka mu misa, chimakhala chovuta kwambiri, chimakhala chokwanira, nthawi yomweyo, maselo amodzi (ena) amasintha, koma anthu atsopano amabwera Kusintha. Mabungwe aboma afilosofi poyerekeza ndi ziwalo za thupi zomwe zimachita ntchito zina.
Kuphatikiza pa ntchito yopanga "njira zopangira mafiloji," Speneracy adapereka ndalama zingapo, zomwe - malire oyenera a Boma "(1843)," Zowona ndi Ndemanga "(1884)," ( 1902) ndi ena.
Moyo Wanu
Za moyo wamunthu wafilosofi sadziwika kwambiri. Chifukwa chachikulu chosungulumwa chake chimakhala chakuti Herbert yonse yomwe anali atagwira ntchito. Mu 1851, woganiza bwino adawuka, kumuyang'ana mkazi wabwino, adachotsedwa kuti atumize kwa korona.
Komabe, mapulaniwa sanazindikiridwe - atadziwana ndi mtsikanayo, Spencer adakana ukwati. Lingaliro ili linafotokoza za kuti Mkwatibwi watukuka kwambiri. M'tsogolomu, Herbert sanapangire banja lake, malingaliro ake onse adatembenukira ku sayansi ndi mabuku.
Imfa
Spencer Spencer adamwalira pa Disembala 8, 1903 ku Hornon. Anaikidwa m'manda otchedwa ku London, pafupi ndi phulusa la filosofi, karl Marx. Imfa ya oganiza bwino ku Britain idachitika ndi zaka zambiri za matenda - kumapeto kwa moyo wake, iye sanadzukenso.
Wolemba "autobigy" adasindikizidwa mu 1904, ndipo owerenga mabuku olimba kuchokera ku zowerengera. Kupangidwa kwa Spencer kunadziwika kale asanafalitsidwe, zisanachitike zisanachitike kwa ofalitsa. Patsiku loyamba, malonda "autobigy" adawomboledwa ndikugonjera, anthu owerenga sanachititse manyazi ngakhale mtengo wochititsa chidwi.
M'bali
- 1842 - "Malire Oyenera a Mphamvu za Boma"
- 1851 - "Chinsinsi"
- 1861 - "Maphunziro Amaganizo, Khalidwe ndi Mwathupi"
- 1862-1896 - "stenti yopanga filosofi"
- 1879 - "Data ya Ethics"
- 1884 - "Munthu ndi Boma"
- 1885 - "malingaliro ndi chipembedzo. Zachilengedwe ndi Zoona za Chipembedzo "
- 1891 - "ESSAY: ACHISON: Asayansi, andale komanso nzeru
- 1891 - "Chilungamo"
- 1902 - "Zowona ndi Ndemanga"