Chiphunzitso
Dokotala wachiroma wa Claudius Galen adapereka kwakukulu pakukula kwa sayansi. M'chigawo chake, "mawanga akunja", ndipo kuchokera ku machitidwe omwe adapulumutsidwa kotala, koma izi sizinaletse zaka zingapo kuti ziganizire zomwe zakwanitsa kuzimvetsa monga axioms. Ngakhale zolakwa zosafunikira za Galen, mpaka Renaissance, zimawonedwa ngati zosatheka zoona, ndipo ntchito zake zidakonzekeretsa chitukuko cha Western zaka 15 m'tsogolo.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Galen adabadwa mu 131 ku Pergamma, mzinda wa ku Malaya Asia (tsopano ndi Turkey Bergama), m'nthawi ya boadi ya Emperoa. Ofufuzawo amawona kuti Claudius si dzina, koma kukonza zolakwika za mutu wa Crussimus ndi "zabwino", zomwe zidawonjezedwa ku dzina la wolemba m'malemba olembedwa pamanja.
Dokotala wamtsogolo adabadwa ali pabanja lotetezeka komanso ophunzira. Abambo a Nikon amva woganiza bwino komanso wotsutsa wa masamu, motero anasamalira kwambiri chiphunzitso cha Mwana, kulota kuti adzapanga wafilosofi wotchuka kwa iye tsiku limodzi. Malinga ndi nthanoyi, sinthani chisankho ndikupatsa Galen kuti aphunzire maloto aulosi - nthawi imeneyo, Aroma adapereka zinthuzi ndikulinganizo molunjika kuti utsogoleriwo uzichita.
Mankhwala ndi Zochita zasayansi
Mankhwala a Galena anaphunzitsidwa asayansi otchuka a Perghas, kuphatikizana Anatas Satrir ndi wolosera za pafupipafupi stroomenuk. Abambo atamwalira, mnyamatayo adapita ku Smuryna kuti achitire zomwe adakumana nazo. Kumeneko anapitiliza kuphunzira motsogozedwayo ndi utsogoleri wa ziwalo zodziwika bwino - wolemba lingaliro la kupuma pakati pa kufa magazi. Choyamba chimagwiritsa ntchito liwu loti "Aura" (kuchokera ku chimphepo chamkumbutso cha Chigriki "), kukhulupirira kuti chinthu cha mpweya umayenda mkati mwa thupi ndi zotengera. Pambuyo pake, Galen adachezera Korinto, komwe adaphunzira sayansi yamankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi sayansi yachilengedwe, kenako ku Alexandria, komwe adalowa kwa ophunzira kuti achititse Anomat Heraklion.
Panthawiyo, Alexandria adalowa pakati pa sayansi ya zamankhwala, ndipo dotolo wachinyamata adalota kupeza chidziwitso chapadera komanso akatswiri odziwa zambiri kumeneko. Komabe, pofika nthawi Galen anafika kumeneko, Lamulo linatulutsidwa, limaletsa kukonzekera matupi aumunthu, ndipo anatowoyo amayenera kuphunziridwa nyani ndi nyama zina.
Galen adabwerera kwawo kukhumudwitsidwa. Podzipereka popita zaka 6, anakhazikika m'chikopa chake. Pofika nthawi yomwe adotolo anali ndi zaka 29. Analowa ku sukulu ya dotoloyo kusukulu ya madalaliaana ndipo zaka 4 zotsatirawo analemekeza luso la kusamutsidwa, kusoka ras ndi mankhwalawa. Ntchitoyi inali yovuta, yofanana ndi madokotala azaka zatsiku lililonse, popanda zida zamakono, mankhwala ndi opaleshoni.
Zowoneka galen woyenera atawonetsa kuyendetsa kwake mtembo wa nyani. Mkhalidwe wathanzi wa mabwalo adapatsidwa chidwi choyandikana kwambiri: kuvulala komwe dokotala adayitanitsa "mazenera thupi", adapereka mwayi wolandira lingaliro la anatomy. Pantchito yake, ndi asanu okhalitsa omwe adamwalira, pomwe adayitanitsa adayikidwa m'manda 60.
Munali mu 164 m'kupezeka mu 164 atasokonekera mumzinda, dokotala wazaka 33 anasamukira ku likulu. Kumeneko anatchuka msanga, osati ngati dokotala, komanso monga mphunzitsi waluso. Kutchuka Kwake Galen kunali kokakamizidwa ku Evdem Evdem - adachiritsa kuti ku matenda oopsa, ndipo wothokozayo adamulemekeza ku Roma ku Roma ngati sing'anga waluso.
Posakhalitsa Galen Grear Marker Abrele abrite ndikulangizidwa kuti ayambe kukambirana thupi m'Kachisi wadziko lapansi. Maphunzirowa sanachezeredwe okha ndi asing'anga, komanso nzika zina zomwe amachita chidwi ndi zipembedzo zapamwamba kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, gulu lankhondo lakumpoto kwambiri komanso abale a Emperror Syver.
Ngakhale kuli chuma chakunja, Galen ku Roma amakhala ovuta, poyamba chifukwa cha chilengedwe chake. Anali munthu wogwira ntchito komanso wopanda pake, kulikonse anakafuna kudzipereka kwa iyemwini, chifukwa cha zomwe adani akhungu komanso adani amakhala osavuta. Mapeto ake, pomwe subs osakonda kukhala ndi "ludzu" kusakha, Galen adachoka ku Roma ndipo adapita kukayenda ku Italy.
Anangobwerera pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri pa foni ya mfumu. A Mark Areliliy adamulamula kuti akaonekere kundende yankhondo ku Aquilee ndikudzisonkhanitsa, koma adotolo adakwanitsa kunyengerera mfumuyo kuti imusiye kunyumba. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, kuopa adani kunayamba kuona: Anasintha kwambiri malo okhala ndipo amakhala mosinthasintha.
Zotsatira zake, adakhazikika kunyumba yachifumu ngati dokotala wa mfumu. Amayamikila Yekha - Glean sikuti amangomuthandiza kuti azitha kukhalabe pafupipafupi malaise, komanso amasangalatsidwa ndi zokambirana za filosofi. Wakuchiritsa iye ndi Comma, wolowa m'malo wa Mark Aurelia, yemwe panthawiyo adaphedwa chifukwa cha chiwembu chamulansa.
Kuzindikira Kwake Kupatulikitsa ndi Kuopa kwa adaniwo (makamaka kwamizimu) nthawi yonseyi sikunasiye Galen wonyada. Kuchokera pankhondo, amayamikira mnzake yekha. Asclepads nthhphic, omwe ankaphunzira ku Atefoni ndipo anali kutchuka chifukwa cha luso komanso kusakhulupirika ndipo amayesetsa kuthetsa miyambo ya anthu onse, ndipo Glean yekhayo adaganiziranso chimodzimodzi.
Mphepo yodziwika bwino imalumikizidwanso ndi dzina la adotolo, otchedwa Chima Galen, ndiye Antonnovsky Chuma (malingana ndi dzina la mfumu ya mfumu ndiye). Zolemba pamanjazi zalembedwa mwachilendo kusokoneza matendawa.
Maganizo a ofufuza za mikhalidwe yomwe ili ndi mliri, zimasiyana - ziwerengero zimatchulidwa kuchokera 7% mpaka 50% ya anthu. Zolemba za kugawidwa ndi chilengedwe cha matenda achidule ndipo ali omasuka, koma kuchokera pakunena kuti Galeno adalemba, amatha kuganiziridwa kuti kukoma kwa ma virus, osati mliri.
Gallelle adafotokoza malingaliro ndi malingaliro awo mwatsatanetsatane m'zofotokozera, otchuka kwambiri omwe amadziwika kuti "Anatomy" ndi "poika ziwalo za thupi". Ntchito zambiri zimasungidwa mu Kachisi wadziko lapansi ndipo, mwatsoka, adawotchedwa pamoto mulaibulale ya Patian.
Zothandiza zake ku Sayansi ndi maziko a etiology. Galen adagawanika m'magulu odziwika ndi nthawi ya matendawa, afotokozedwa ndikuwongolera zomwe zimayambitsa (zomwe adagawa zomwe zili zolimba, zowoneka bwino, monga momwe thupi limakhalira ndi mkhalidwe - malingana ndi Kwa adotolo, zifukwa zake "zokomera nthaka» pakukula kwa matendawa.
Galen adakhala m'modzi mwa woyamba yemwe adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera kubiology. Mankhwala odziwika omwe amachitidwa mawu, zokumana nazo nyama, zidakupanga ukadaulo wotseguka. Kupeza kwamtengo wapatali kunali kupezeka ndi chingwe champhamvu. Chosangalatsa chenicheni - asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha malamulo ovomerezeka Galen chifukwa cha chizolowezi chonse, sanapange mawu amodzi mwa thupi la munthu.
Chidziwitso chake mu matumbo chinali chokwanira chidziwitso chomwe chimapezeka chifukwa cha kutsegulidwa kwa ng'ombe, nyani ndi nkhumba, ndipo chifukwa cha izi zolakwa zimachimwa. Anazindikira malire a zomwe anakumana nazo, akuwaloza izo mu zolembedwa.
Chiwerengero chonse cha zolemba pamanja chimayerekezera pafupi 400, ngakhale theka la iwo linali zamankhwala - mpaka pambuyo pake, adapitilizabe chidwi cha nzeru komanso mofunitsitsa mitu yomwe ikuchitika. Pafupifupi mankhwala 100 asungidwa mpaka pano, omwe mayina atsopano a matupi, mafupa ndi malingaliro ena a anatomi adakokedwa. M'malemba ake, Galen adalowa m'malo mwa mayina, koma mayina a mayina a Gippocrat ndi mawu awo okhala ndi nthawi.
Sing'anga wachiroma amawerengedwanso kuti bambo a pharmacology. Ena mwa maphikidwe omwe amafotokozedwawa, monga Raddky, otchedwa "galeic covens" amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ndi cosmetology mpaka pano.
Malo a Galen Mankhwalawa akhala akudziwa kwambiri. Zoyenera zake zinali zambiri mpaka m'zaka za zana la 14, ndipo malingalirowo adasungapobe mpaka mibadwo ya Middle, oswana kwathunthu pakati pa asayansi, omwe adatsutsidwa ndi tchalitchi ndipo adasinthiratu ndi mpingo. Mu nthawi ya Rerastance yokha, panali munthu amene adasankha kulembetsa zomwe adachita zakale ndikuwonetsa kulondola kwa zomwe zapezeka - zinali zolondola.
Moyo Wanu
Kutchulidwa sikunasungidwe za mkazi wake ndi ana a dokotala wamkulu. Mwina atakhala ndi zochitika zake zolimba, otanganidwa, chikhumbo chinangopeza nthawi ya moyo waumwini, koma mwina azungu m'maganizo awo amangophonya izi ngati zachilendo.
Galen amadziona ngati munthu wamakhalidwe abwino kwambiri ndipo adatsutsa chikhalidwe pakati pa madotolo achi Roma, kuwafanizira ndi achifwamba ndikuwona kuti kusiyana konse pakati pawo kumangotanthauza kuti milandu ina ili ndi likulu.
"Malingaliro a madokotala ambiri sadzatsogolera sayansi, osati kuti maphikidwe othandiza, adalemba mokwiya. - Yotsika yotsika imawapangitsa kuti azitha kuchita chilichonse. "Imfa
Pamodzi, dokotala wodziwika adabwerako kudziko lakwawo ku Pergari kuti adzipulumutse kuti agwire ntchito pamanja. Adafera m'nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Septimia kumpoto. Chomwe chimayambitsa chiyembekezo chaimfa sichikudziwika, koma pofika nthawi yomwe wasayansi anali atakalamba kale - monga momwe amawerengera osiyanasiyana, anali ndi zaka 70, ngakhale wazaka 87.