Chiphunzitso
Bertraand Russell ndi wafilosofi wotchuka waku Britain, wandale wa prosciic amagwira ntchito. Adatsutsa pacifism, anali wokonda kwambiri kusakhulupirira ndipo adalimbikitsa zowombola zowotcha. Chifukwa cha asayansi mu mfundo za masamu, malingaliro ndi lingaliro la chidziwitso. Ofufuzawo amatcha Berran Russell pakati pa oyambitsa ku Britain ku Britain ku Britain ku Britain.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Dzinalo lonse la mnyamatayo, lomwe limapezeka m'banja la Aristocrats Russell pa Meyi 18, 1872 - arrand Arthur William Rusth William Rushur. Anabadwira ku Welleck, boma la MontKmauthire, ku malo ogulitsa mapepala. Tate wa mwana anali mwana wa nduna yayikulu ya England ndi mtsogoleri wa phwando la Vigi. Achibale a Filosopher amasiyana m'maphunziro ndi mkhalidwe pagulu. Liberalsism inali m'magazi a Russell, akulankhula poyera za mavuto a nkhondo ndi dziko.
Abambo a Russell, Ambuye asuoss, anali m'modzi mwa osunga paclemsm, omwe chiphunzitso chake chidakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 19 ndipo adatchuka kale m'zaka za zana la 20. Bertrand yakhala yogwira katswiri wofalitsa ndi malingaliro a Atate. Amayi ake analinso wocheza nawo wowolowa manja ndipo amateteza ufulu wa amayi mulimonse. Omaliza adabweretsa mkwiyo wa Mfumukazi Victoria.
Makolo a Berstran Russell anamwalira ali ndi zaka 2. Kenako adatsatira imfa ya mlongoyo. Pamodzi ndi abale awiri achikulire, mnyamatayo anapitilizabe kuzunzidwa kwa agogo. Anapatsa zidzukulu zabwino kwambiri zothokoza kwa abwanamkubwa akunja. Maphunziro achifumu, laibulale yayikulu ndi aphunzitsi amphatso adapanganso za ana. Bertrand adakondera masamu ndipo nthawi zambiri adaweruzidwa agogo a wokhulupirira, omwe samakhala ndi mwayi wokhulupirira Mulungu. Mu 1889, ali ndi zaka 17, Bertrand adakhala wophunzira wa Triter koleji ku Cambridge.
Mu 1894, adalandira zojambulajambula zaluso. Anatengedwa ndi zonena za George Edward Mura, Russell adaphunzira ntchito za ntchito za a John Locke ndi David Yume. Mu 1895, Bertrand adakhala membala wa ku College Fallery, ndipo mu 1897 adamaliza dissestation yotchedwa "pazoyambira za geometry".
Atalandira maphunziro, Russell adakhala mnzake wolemekezeka wa Britain ndipo adapita ndi kupita ku Paris. Kenako adachezera Berlin, komwe zidachitikira ku Descout "Horman Democracy", lofalitsidwa mu 1896. Maulendo anapitilizabe kuchezera ku United States ndipo anamaliza kubwerera ku England, komwe Russell Russell adawonetsa nkhani zake za Cambleple m'buku lakuti "Kutanthauzira Kwambiri kwa Malingaliro a Labertyfephy".
Mawonedwe ndi Zochitika za Firolofi
Mu 1900, a Bertraand Russell mu mphunzitsi wa Trinity College Alfred Whitehead adakhala membala wa Philosocical Congress ku Paris. Anawerenga ntchito ya affesofiri aku Roma ndi Juseppppe Perano, omwe ankaphunzira mawu ophiphiritsa, adapanga buku lake lotchedwa "mfundo za masamu". Adasindikizidwa mu 1903. Ntchitoyi idabweretsa kutchuka kwa Russell.
Kafukufuku wa munthu m'modzi wa masamu ndikuona kuti wolemba adapitilira mu 1910 mpaka 1913, kenako adafotokoza mogwirizana ndi mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wa "Masamu ambiri", omwe adalembedwa mogwirizana ndi oyera. Asayansi adatsimikizira kuti malingaliro amatanthauzira sayansi yonse zachilengedwe, ndipo mfundo zomveka zimakhala maziko a kafukufuku aliyense. Anasiyanitsa nzeru za zamakhalidwe ndi zamulungu, zimapangitsa kuti pakhale maziko a zinthu zofunika kwambiri. A Russell Colsell ndi Whitehead adayikidwa m'khola, chifukwa zimatheka ndi chowonadi, pomwe china chilichonse chimakhalabe chovuta, chifukwa chake chitha.
M'tsogolomu, Russell anapitilizabe kulingalira zamphamvu ndipo anazindikira kuti iyi ndi njira yokhayo yodziwira chowonadi. Mu 1904, adapempha ku Harvard kenako adawafalitsa ndi buku lina. Wasayansi adazindikira kukhalapo kwa zotsutsana ndi malingaliro ndipo adayamba kukangana za udindo wa malingaliro ndi umboni wa zomwe adakumana nazo.
Russell anali kumvetsera ndale. Atakhala pamodzi ndi mkazi wa "Fabian Society ndi Woyanjanitsa, adamenyane ndi kufanana kwa akazi pa zisankho. Mu 1910, ku Bertrand sikunazengereze kuphwando lake kuphwando lanyumba yamalamulo. Sanalandire thandizo lomwe likufuna, popeza othandizira malingaliro a asayansi ambiri anali pang'ono, ndipo malingaliro ake achipembedzo adagwirizana ndi zomwe zachitika pa nthawiyo.
Kuyambira mu 1916, Russell anali m'gululi "Conteretion amaitanitsa usilikali" ndipo analemba mabuku akuti ", ankhondo ndi chilungamo", ndi zoterezi "zidamalizidwa ndipo sanaikidwa m'ndende kapepala kankhosa pokana kulowa usilikali.
Mbiri Yosavomerezeka yochokera ku koleji ya Utatu, yomwe mphunzitsi amene akatswiri ake anali Bertrand. Laibulale yake idagulitsidwa kubwezera zabwino, ndipo boma lidaletsa kuchoka ku United States kuti iwerenge nkhani ku Harvard.
Russell sanasiye malingaliro ake komanso kunenedwa motsutsa mu 1918 anali m'ndende Brikton, komwe adalemba "mawu oyambitsa masamu". The 1920s adadziwika ndi buku la "Kusanthula Kuganiza", "maziko a atomu", "zitsulo zoyanjana paubwenzi", "zofunika kuchita". Maganizo a wasayansi a wasayansi adalandiridwa pambuyo pa Trotsky, Gorky ndi Lenin mu 1920.
Mwa kuchezera Soviet Union, Russell adadzudzula boma "chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe a bolshevism." Ulendo wotsatira ku Asiya unabweretsa chiphunzitso ku Yunivesite ya Beijing ndi kupanga anthu otchedwa "Vuto la China". Kuyambira mu 1924 mpaka 1931, wasayansi adawerenga zodzikongoletsera ku United States.
Panthawiyo, mavuto apadziko lonse anali ndi chidwi. Wolemba adatsimikiza m'mabuku "ufulu ndi madongosolo, 1814 ... 1914", "njira yotsogolera ku dziko lapansi?" Kuyambira mu 1935, a Rutraand Russell amakhala ku America ndipo adalimbikira ku Chicago ndi mayunifornia. Maganizo ake a pacifist adagonjetsedwa atatha kuvuta kwa a Nazi kuti akaonekere ku Poland mu 1939.
Asayansi adachita kuyankha ndipo chifukwa cha izi sanali otchuka ku United States. Sanavomerezedwe ndi oimira atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso mamembala a Council, atakakamizidwa kuyankha Professophy office offiriji ku New York ku New York.
Kubwerera mu 1944 m'makoma a National Train College, a Rutrand Russell anapitilizabe zochitika zolembera mabuku, adawerenga nthano za wayilesi ndikukhala mwini dongosolo "kuti akhale mwini wake" kuti akhale Mwini ". Lofalitsidwa mu 1950 "kuoneka kuti sikunalandire mphoto ya Nobel m'mabuku. Russell adanyalanyaza mwayi woti anene zolankhuliramo mphoto.
Ntchito zachitukuko
Wankhondo pamtendere, wafilosofi wotenga nawo mbali m'mawonetsero ndipo anali wokamba nkhani zingapo za utoti. Chidziwitso cha Eussell-Einstein-Einstein adathandizira kupanga mawonekedwe a asayansi. Kuyambira 1954, anasunga zida zankhondo, popeza nthawi yomweyo mabomba a haidrojeni anayesedwa. Russell anali membala wa mayendedwe ofanana ndi "komiti 100".
Mu 1959, adapeza udindo wake pakuyankhulana ndi gulu lankhondo. Kwa mawu akale kwambiri pamakoma a Nyumba Yamalamulo, adapita kundende. Mu 1962, a Russell analemba mitu ya mayiko, John Kennedy ndi Nikita A Khrushchev, za kufunika kowerengera mtendere pa Caribbean.
Kutuluka mu "komiti 100" mu 1963, wafilosofi wachitapo kanthu pa ntchito za maziko a dziko la Atlantic a dziko lapansi ndi gulu lake lotsutsa mtundu wa zida za nyukiliya. Anasonkhanitsa ntchito ya anti-nkhondo mothandizidwa ndi anthu ena. Bungweli lidazindikira kuti United States idazindikira United States ndi asitikali ankhondo aku Vietnam. Russell adatsutsa kulowererapo, komanso kunadzudzulanso kuwukira kwa Czechoslovakia, komwe kunachitika mu 1968.
Moyo Wanu
Zikuwoneka kuti Brocran Russell amalumikizidwa kokha ndi zochitika zasayansi komanso zachikhalidwe zasayansi, koma wafilofefero sanaiwale za moyo wake. A dzina lake akufufuza amathandizira pamndandanda wa okonda otchuka azaka zomaliza zazaka zomaliza, ndipo pali chitsimikiziro. Wolemba anali wokwatiwa kasanu, ndipo chiwerengero cha ziwawa zake ndi lalikulu.
Alice Smith adadzakhala osankhidwa oyamba Russell, odziwika ndi omwe adachitikira ku Tretrity College mu zaka za wophunzira. Pa 22, a Bertrand adakwatirana, koma malingaliro awo a moyo wabanja sanagwirizanepo. Kupusitsa kwa chisangalalo cha banja, komwe kumapangidwa ndi okwatirana, kugwa pomwe amaphatikizidwa kunayamba kukondana ndi mkazi wake, oyera. Chidwi chodutsa chinapangitsa kuti banja lisudzule, ndipo mu 1910 chikondi chatsopano chimakhazikika mumtima wa wasayansi. Anakopeka ndi Ottolin Morlal, mkaziyo wa membala wa Nyumba Yamalamulo. Maubwenzi mwachangu adapitabe, osayimitsidwa pamalo owerengera, ndipo Russell adapeza dziko latsopano.
Mu 1914, ku US, Bertrand, anakumana ndi mwana wamkazi wa dokotala wa dokotala wa dokotala wa dokotala wa dokotala wa dokotala, anamupempha kuti akamuyendere England, koma kudzaona mtsikanayo anali pachibwenzi kale ndi Irin Cooper Ullis. Mu 1916, adamenyedwa ndi wokwatirana ndi nthawi yochezeka ndipo adakhala wachitatu mu ubale wake ndi mnzake. Kulankhulana ndi ojambulawo kunali zaka 30.
Mu 1921, wafilosofi wokwatiwa, mlembi, wa mlembi, adapita naye paulendo wodutsa Russia. Anabereka mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi. Kusankha sukulu kwa ana, okwatirana adaganiza zopanga mabungwe awo ophunzirira mu 1927. Maganizo okhudza ukwati ndi mabanja, omwe adathawa wolemba panthawiyi, adanenanso za buku la "Ukwati ndi Makhalidwe".
Mgwirizano wa Russell ndi wakuda anali wamfupi. Wasayansi adakondwera ndi wachichepere wa Joan Foull ndipo adapangana nawo pachibwenzi cha 3. Mu 1936, ukwati unachitikira ndi wophunzitsidwa wa ana ake, patricia spencer. Kusiyana pakati pa okwatirana kunali ndi zaka 40. Banja limakhala ku USA. Mkaziyo adabereka mwana wamwamuna Bruan, koma ukwatiwu sunali gawo lomaliza m'dongosolo la wolemba.
Mu 1952, adasudzula mkazi wake ubale ndi wolemba mawu a Edith. Anagwirizana ndi zifukwa za malingaliro andale andale: pamodzi mwachitapo kanthu m'ziwonetsero, kumayenda ku Europe ndipo adachita ntchito zotsutsana ndi nkhondo.
Imfa
Mosiyana ndi otsatira ambiri a chikondi chaulere, a Rutraand Russell sanabisire malingaliro ake, omwe amati mawu ndi zolemba m'mabuku ake. Choonadi Chosangalatsa ndi Kukhulupirirana pachibwenzi, anali woonamtima ndi wokondedwa wake, kotero kuti moyo wake womaliza unkakhala wosangalala. Zaka zaposachedwa ku Betrand Russell amakhala kumpoto kwa Wales, kulankhulana ndi ana ndi zidzukulu.
Asayansi adamwalira pa February 2, 1970. Choyambitsa imfa chinali chimfine. Kutetezedwa kwa wafilosofi wokalambayo sikunapiriritse matendawa.
Cholowa cha wolemba chili ndi ntchito zambiri momwe adadziwira nkhani ya nzeru, ndipo chithunzi cha sayansi ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ambiri chikugwirizana ndi masamba omwe amafalitsa mabuku amakono.
M'bali
- 1903 - "Kupembedza Munthu Waulere"
- 1910 - "Mavuto a Philosophy"
- 1012 - "Kufunika Kwa Chipembedzo"
- 1914 - "Chinsinsi ndi Zomveka"
- 1922 - "Art amaganiza"
- 1925 - "Moyo Mu Middle Ages"
- 1935 - "Chipembedzo ndi Sayansi"
- 1936 - "Kodi pali moyo pambuyo pa imfa?"
- 1938 - "Zokumbukira zanga Zachipembedzo"
- 1945 - Mbiri ya Philosi yaku Western "
- 1948 - "Kukhalapo kwa Mulungu"
- 1953 - "Zokhudza Sayansi Pagulu"
- 1987 - "Chifukwa Chiyani Sindine Mkristu"