Chiphunzitso
Nkhani yovuta yokhudza moyo wotchuka wa Mphotho ya Nobel M'buku la A John Steingbeck ndalama popanda kutchulidwa kuti agonjetse, koma zitsanzo zake za bukuli - zomwe Moyo wa anthu wamba ku United States mu mphamvu yaluso yaukadaulo imawonetsedwa ndi mphamvu yayikulu yamitundu, ndi zovuta zake zonse ndi zovuta zake.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Pali mitundu ingapo ya mbiri ya a John Steiner. Ku US, pali gulu la mafani, kusanthula mosamala ndi cholowa cha wolemba ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu zochepa za iye. Mafotokozedwe ake apamwamba kwambiri ndi masamba 1,100.
A John Ernst Steinbeck adabadwa pa February7 ku Salinas (California). Anali ndi mizu ya ku Germany ndi Irory: Agogo ake a agogo aamuna adasainidwa ndi Grosductiin (adamudula atasamukira ku USA), ndipo amayi ake adapita ku Ireland.
Abambo a John anali wogwira ntchito ngati msungichuma, amayi - mphunzitsi kusukulu. Onsewa ankakonda mabuku ndipo anaphunzitsa kuwerenga ana awo onse anayi. Koma za ndalamazo, tsiku loyambirira banjali linakhala bwino kwambiri - anali ndi nyumba yotsekera ku Salinas ndi nyumba yopita kutchuthi, koma itakwana nthawi yolipira ana okulirapo, mavuto azachuma adayamba.
M'chilimwe, makolo amagwira ntchito yapafupi kwambiri, kukopa banja lonse. Kuyambira paubwana wachichepere, John adagwiritsa ntchito kulimbikira kwambiri ndipo adaphunzira zambiri zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndi ulimi, womwe pambuyo pake udawonetsedwa m'ntchito zake.
Atamaliza sukulu yasekondale mu 1919, Steinback adakhala wophunzira ku Yunivesite, koma kenako nkumponya. Maloto a Ana a Mnyamata anali ntchito ya wolemba, ndipo sanagawire iye ngakhale pamene wofalitsa wina atamutumizira ndalama. Ali mwana, John adasokonezedwa ndi zomwe amapeza mosiyanasiyana, akugwira ntchito ngati alonda, owongolera, ogwira ntchito, koma osapambana "patebulo".
Mabuku
Vutoli lasintha mu 1930, bambo ake a John adaganiza zothandizira Mwana wake, kumulola kuti azikhala mu kanyumba ndipo ngakhale kupereka pepala. Steinbeck Jr. adaponya ntchito ndipo adayang'ana pa ntchito zatsopano, zomwe pamapeto pake zinayamba kubereka. Ntchito zoyambirira zitatu ndi mabuku "ndi" mulungu wosadziwika ", komanso malo odyetsa Paradaiso" - adasindikiza kufatsa kwambiri, osafatsa kwambiri, osafatsa kwambiri, osafala kwambiri.
Ntchito yotsatira yokha yomwe idaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wa okondweretsa - "morotilla-lathyathyathya", nkhani yoseketsa yokhudza kusinthika kwa maamba m'tauni yam'madzi. Anapatsidwa mphotho ya boma, ndipo ndalama zolipiridwa banja la Steinbeck zinali zokwanira kumanga nyumba yake ku Los Gatosa. Chizindikiritso chomaliza chomwe chilengedwe cha olemba akatswiri adabweretsa Yohane buku "mbewa ndi anthu".
Chikhalidwe "cha mkwiyo" chakhalidwe "chidakhala ntchito ya 10 ya Steinbeck, ndipo kutulutsidwa kwawo kudakonzedwa ndi malamulo onse - 1,000 okhaokha amagwiritsidwa ntchito moyambirira. Zoyembekeza Zonse: mafani adasokonekera chifukwa cha zolemba, komanso kutchuka kudafalikira kuposa ku California.
Mawu ochititsa chidwi "amapatsa mkwiyo" anali pafupi kwambiri ndi owerenga wamba akuvutika ndi mavuto azachuma. Buku la Steinbek linalemba pamaziko a zinthu zofunika kwambiri paulendo wopita ku dziko lake.
Kanemayo "amanga mkwiyo", adawomberedwa mu 1940, adalandira mphotho yachiwiri ya Oscar. Kuwomberako kunachitika mobisa, pamene woyang'anira a Texas ndi Oklahoma sakanalola kuwonetsa kwa madera awo ku sinema. Ku USSR, filimuyo idaletsedwa chifukwa chakuti alimi aku America, angawonongeke, kudawoneka wolemera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi alimi a Soviet.
Pambuyo pa ndalama za bukuli, malo a wolemba ku America mabuku aku America adaganiza zoyambirira - ngwazi zake zinali nthumwi za Society, cholinga cha ntchito ndi chiwonetsero chazomwe zidachitika - zoyeserera zakale ndi chiwembu.
Ndale ndi zochitika zina
Mu 1940, John ndi mkazi wake pakuitana anzawo adapita paulendo wozungulira Gulf. Pambuyo pake adafotokoza ulendowu m'buku la "nyanja ya nyanja". Pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, Steinbeck adalowa mu gulu la asitikali ankhondo ndipo adatenga nawo gawo pakugwira ntchito kwa Douglas Fairbanx kupita kunyanja. Mu 1944 adapita ku North Africa, komwe adavulala, kukhala pafupi ndi malo ophulika m'chipinda chosungiramo zinthu.
Thanzi lamphamvu, wolemba adapita kwawo. Zaka zapitazi zinali nthawi yobala zipatso - ndi pomwepo adalemba bukuli "Wokhala ndi zaka zozizira kwambiri", pambuyo pake mphoto ya Nobel yomwe idalandilidwa.
Mu 1947, wolemba waku America adapita ku USSR. Kampaniyo inamupangitsa kukhala wojambula wotchuka Robert Kapa, pamodzi ndi omwe adapitako m'mizinda 5 yayikulu. Unali maulendo oyamba kwambiri a America chifukwa chogwirizana kuyambira pomwe kusintha. John adalemba chithunzi chake mu "zolemba za ku Russia", zikufanizira chithunzi cha Kapa. Pambuyo pa wofalitsa bukuli, adayitanidwa kuti akhale membala wa Academy of Artary ndi mabuku.
M'chaka chomwecho, nkhani ya "ngale" idalembedwa, idalumikizana ndi nthawi yoyambirira. Pambuyo pake, wolemba adayamba kuvuta. Kucokela ku California, adafika ku nkhani yomwe mnzake wa Steinbeck, Ed Riketto, adavulala kwambiri pangozi yagalimoto.
John anathamangira kudziko lakwawo, koma sanamupezenso wamoyo - Ed anamwalira pa ola limodzi lokha lisanafike. Zowawa chifukwa cha kumwalira kwa wokondedwa zinawonjezeka ndi mavuto m'banja lake, ndipo wolemba adayamba kuvutika, kuyambira pomwe adakwera movutikira.
Kumapeto kwa moyo wa Steinbeck adaganizanso za mitu ya nkhondo ndi dziko. Mwana wake aliyense adamenya nkhondo ku Vietnam, ndipo nkhani zakuthwa zandale zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zopanda tanthauzo komanso zankhanza za zomwe zidachitika. Komabe, atakhala miyezi 1.5 pakupempha kwa Purezidenti, adakonza zigawo zingapo, zomwe zidathandizira pankhondo kuposa zodabwitsa za anthu. Nyuzipepala ya New York positi idatchedwa kusintha kwa udindo wopereka chinyengo.
Moyo Wanu
M'moyo wa wolemba kumeneko panali maukwati atatu. Nthawi yoyamba yomwe adakwatirana ndi ku Karol Henning mu 1930. Onse pamodzi anali ndi zaka 11, koma zonse zidatha ndi kusudzulana. Mkazi wachiwiri GWondon adampatsa iye ana amuna awiri - Thomas ndi Yohane. Ukwatiwu udakhala wofupikirapo, zaka 5, pambuyo pake mu 1948 adayamba kufafaniza fun. Wolemba adapereka kwa ana ake kum'mawa kwa paradiso, yemwe adawona bwino pantchito yake (mu 1981 adazijambula).
Steinbeck adada nkhawa kwambiri ndi chisudzulo, makamaka popeza adagwirizana ndi imfa ya bwenzi ndikukumana ndi mavuto ake, koma posakhalitsa kusungulumwa kwake kudanda bwenzi latsopano - woyang'anira Elaine Scott. Onse pamodzi amakhala mpaka imfa. Iwo analibe ana wamba.
Imfa
Atabwerako ku Vietnam, thanzi linayamba kubweretsa wolemba. Mu 1967, Steinbeck adagwira ntchito yovuta, itadutsa 2 infract wina pambuyo pake.
Pa Disembala 20, 1968, adamwalira, chomwe chimayambitsa kufa chinali mtima. Wotchuka wotchuka ndiye anali ndi zaka 66. Adamwalira ku New York, koma thupi la maliro lidatengedwa kupita ku California.
Mawu
Smiloda akuwoneka kuti ndi zokwanira miyoyo chikwi, koma pa nkhani ya Mulungu kuti ikhale ndi moyo. Akazi ndi ana sazindikira mwamphamvu: palibe zovuta zoterezi: palibe vuto lotere lomwe silinawonongeke ndi amuna . Ndizovuta kuwonjezera ndi moyo wa mizu ngakhale mutadana ndi moyo uno.M'bali
- 1929 - "Bowl Heall"
- 1933 - "Mulungu Wosadziwika"
- 1935 - "Corter batlilla pathyathyathya"
- 1936 - "Ndipo Nkhondo Yotayika"
- 1939 - "Kusweka kwa Wrave"
- 1945 - "Mpikisano Wosalala"
- 1947 - "basi yotayika"
- 1952 - "East Wa Edeni"
- 1954 - "Landirani Lachinayi"
- 1957 - "Bolodi lalifupi la Pipine IV"
- 1961 - "Kuda nkhawa Nyengo Yathu"