Chiphunzitso
Biograogy ya mtsogoleri wa chipani cha Soviet Nikolai Bukharin ndidera kwambiri ndipo ili ndi vuto lalikulu. Sanali "wamba" wamba, sanadutse nkhondo yapachiweniweni, koma nthawi yomweyo adakwanitsa kukhala m'modzi mwakusintha kwakukulu. Bukharin anali ndi zilankhulo zingapo ndipo anali ndi chidziwitso chodziwana, ndipo mbiri yotsimikizika inali yotsimikiza, koma njirayi sinamuthandize kutsimikizira anzakeyo chifukwa cha kusalakwa kwake.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin adabadwira ku Zamoskvorechye, ku Big Adinke, Seputembara 29 (Okutobala 9) ya 1888. Makolo ake amagwira ntchito ngati aphunzitsi a pulaimale kusukulu. Mu 1893, banjali linasamukira ku Chilizau, komwe bambo Ivan Gavrilovich adalandira malo ogwiritsira ntchito malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma patatha zaka 4 adabweranso likulu.
Wocheperako wa Kohl yemwe adaphunzira nawo moyenera komanso wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi adamaliza Mendulo yagolide. Ndikaweruka kusukulu, adayamba kuphunzira Chilamulo chaukadaulo wa Moscow. Pofika nthawi imeneyi, Bukharin anali atafunitsitsa kale kuchita nawo zandale ndipo amakwanitsa kupita kuphwando la Bolsheviks, motero kafukufukuyu amayenera kuphatikizidwa ndi ntchito yamagulu azamalonda. Atakonza msonkhano wachinyamata ku likulu la likulu, kuyembekezera kayendedwe ka komesomol, anali ndi zaka 19.
Ntchito ndi zochitika za phwando
Kumangidwa koyamba kunachitika kale mu 1909. Mlanduwu ndi 2 Pambuyo pake, Bukharin sanatembenuke, koma kuleza mtima kwa boma kudatha, koma mu 1911 adatumidwa ku Moscow kupita ku Dera la Arkhangelsk. Miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, mothandizidwa ndi abwenzi, anathawa pamalo ena kupita ku malo akunja - woyamba ku Hannover, kenako ku Austria-Hungary. Panali kuti anakumana ndi Vladimir Lenin ndi Joseph Stalin.
Nikolai Ivanovich anapitiliza kusamukira kumayiko ndikukhalabe wodziyesa komanso anaphunzira mosamalitsa ntchito za a Sfiopists ndi mabatani a Marxism. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itayamba, aboma aku Austria-Hungary, adathamanga kuti athetse jazimenti ndikutumiza Bukharin ku Switzerin. Pambuyo pake, wandaleyu adasintha mizinda ingapo ya ku Europe, koma sanafanane ndi wina aliyense wa iwo, kotero ndidapita ku United States.
Mu Okutobala 1916, ku New York, Bukharin adawadziwa bwino LVOM Trothky. Onsewa anagwirira ntchito posintha magazini ya "Dziko Latsopano". Ntchito yayikulu yoyamba ya Nikolai Ivanovich - "chuma cha padziko lonse lapansi komanso malamulo" - linalembedwa mu 1915. Lenin adaliwerenga mosamala ndipo onse othokoza kwambiri, koma kenako adathamangitsa wolemba mayiko.
Pamene Revolution ya February idachitika ku Russia, Bukharin idafuna kubwerera kudziko lakwawo nthawi yomweyo, koma anali likulu lokhalo mu Meyi - adamangidwa koyamba mu Japan, kudutsa gawo lomwe adabwelera, kenako ku Vladivostok paukadaulo wa oyendetsa sitima ndi asirikali.
Mu 1917, anakhala membala wa Komiti yayikulu ya Rsdlp, adatenga malo otukwana ndipo adayamba kuchita zinthu zofalitsa zabodza. Kuchokera ku Nikolai Ivanovich adabweranso, chifukwa chake kukhala woyambitsa magazini yabwino, chifukwa chake adakhala woyambitsa ndi mkonzi wa nyuzipepala ya Pravda, ndipo pambuyo pake - buku la "Chikomyunizimu".
Nthawi ino inali yobala zipatso zopanga ntchito. Bukharin mwachangu adakhala m'modzi mwa ojambula achikomyundo a nthawi: mu pulogalamu ya chikomyunizimu (bollsheviks (Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks ") Chuma chidasanthuridwa, njira zothanirana ndi mavuto am'mayiko ochokera m'mawu a Marxism.
Lenin mwaulemu anachita kafukufukuyu, koma udindo wa Bukhahrin pankhani zina unali wowopsa. Anamudzudzula m'maphunziro ochulukirapo komanso achangu mwa mawu achilendo, ndipo zomwe zimalembedwa m'mabuku omwe amadziwika kuti "osati a Marxist".
Mu 1919, Bukharin adadwala zigawenga zomwe zidapangidwa ndi anthu achifwamba - zigawenga zidaponya bomba kuphwandoko ku LeontyEvsky Lane. Ovulala anali ofunikira kwambiri, koma anali wokhoza kuchira ndikuyambiranso ntchito.
Mu 1923, Nikolai Ivanovich adathandizira Lenin polimbana ndi kutsutsidwa kwa Trolandy. Imfa ya mtsogoleri mu Januwale 1924 idakhala yovuta kwambiri zauzimu - adaziwona kuti ndi mnzake wapamtima, ndipo adadzidalira m'zaka zaposachedwa ndikumutcha kuti onse. M'Chipangano Chake, vladimir ilyich adati bukarin ndiye munthu wamtengo wapatali kwambiri, mwa lamulo, yemwe ndi mutu wa zokonda zomwe amakonda.
Msungwana wotchuka womasulidwa ndi malo mu utsogoleri wa phwandolo - m'chaka chomwecho Nikolai Ivanovich adakhala membala wa Paruburo. Panthawi imeneyi, ubale wake wocheza ndi stalin analimbikitsidwa, koma mu 1928 adachita zosonkhana. Bukharin anayesa kutsimikizira anzawo osakankhira "Kulakov" mwakuthupi, koma pang'onopang'ono amafanana mu ufulu ndi mudzi wonse.
Joseph Vissarsovich analankhula kwambiri, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi, gulu la Bukharin lidagonjetsa buku lotsatira, ndipo iyenso adalandidwa. Pakatha sabata, kusiya ntchito ya andaleyo adazindikira poyera "zolakwa", chifukwa chake zidaloledwa kukhala utsogoleri, koma nthawi ino ku sayansi ndi eyamiya.
Mu 1932, Bukharin adalandidwa ndi ulesi wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a USSR. Mofananamo, anali atafalitsa ndikufalitsa ndikukhazikitsa ma evicyclopedia ". Ngakhale panali mawu akulu, wandaleyo sanasiye chiyembekezo cha demokalase, chifukwa cha ulamuliro wamphamvu wa Stanjan sunavomerezedwe. Nikolai Ivanovich adalandira molunjika chilengedwe cha Usssr Constitution, osadziwa kuti zambiri zomwe zimaperekedwa zimangojambulidwa papepala.
Kuchitapo kanthu ndi Kutsiriza
Mu 1936, comrades imodzi yoyamba ikani mlanduwo poyesa kupanga "khomo lolondola" limodzi ndi Rykov ndi Tomsk. Panthawiyo, kufufuzawo kunadziwika ndi zifukwa zosadziwika, koma mchaka chongotchulidwa, bukharin amakayikiranso mu mapulani a Consurator. Andale ananena za kusalakwa kwake, adalemba zigawenga ndipo mpaka adalengeza za njala, koma sizinathandize - adamangidwa pa February 27, 1937.
M'ndende lamkati pa Lubyanka Nikoai Ivanovich adagwira ntchito pamabuku "a ngwazi za afilosi", nthawi ya Roma "ndi zopereka za ndakatulo. Anazindikira kuti ali wolakwa popanda kuvala m'gawo lililonse, ndipo mu liwu lomalizali adayesanso kulengeza za kusalakwa kwake.
Moyo Wanu
Moyo wa mtsogoleri wa phwandowu unali wovuta. Onse amene amamanga chikondwerero naye, dikirani kuti avutike ndi kufa. Nikolai Bukharin anali atakwatirana katatu, mkwatibwi woyamba wa Nadezhda anali anali nawo msuwani. Adakwatirana mu 1911 ndipo adakhala pamodzi kwa zaka zopitilira 10. Iwo analibe ana wamba - mayiyo anali ndi vuto la matenda a msana ndipo samatha kusuntha popanda corset yapadera.
Ngakhale atatha chisudzulo, adalimbikira maubwenzi ndi Bukharin: pomwe mu 1938 adamangidwa, posan adakana kulakwa kulikonse ndipo sanakhulupirire malingaliro osakoma a mwamuna wakale. Mafunso opweteka adatenga zaka ziwiri, pambuyo pake a Lukin adawomberedwa.
Mkazi wachiwiri wa Gurwich's Esphyra adakhala mkazi wachiwiri. Moyo wawo wolumikizana utakhala zaka 8, anampatsa mwana wamkazi wa Svetlana. Nthawi yomweyo, dzina lake Moscow, banjali limayambiranso Bukharin, koma sanapulumutsidwe - mayi awo onse, ndipo mwana wawo wamkazi adayamba m'misasa ndikuwasiya imfa ya Stalin pambuyo pa imfa ya Stalin pambuyo pa imfa ya Stalin pambuyo pa imfa ya Stalin pambuyo pa imfa ya Stalin pambuyo pa imfa ya Stalin pambuyo poti amwalira.
Ukwati wachitatu, womwe udakhala wamfupi kwambiri, Bukharinnn mu 1934. Wosankhidwa wake anali Anna Larina, mwana wamkazi wa mnzake paphwando, yemwe atathamangitsa mwamunayo apita ku ulalo. Anabadwa mwana wa Yuri, anakula, palibe chomwe chimadziwa za makolo. Pambuyo pake adalandiridwa ndikulandira dzina la mayi wachikulire - Gusman. Mdzukulu Bukharin, Nikolay Lain, adakhala wophunzitsa mpira ndipo adalumikiza sukulu yamasewera a ana ku Moscow.
Pamodzi ndi a Lunacharky ndi Lenin, Bukharin amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa oimira anzeru kwambiri a phwandolo. Anakhala ndi zilankhulo zitatu, adamva mawu abwino kwambiri ndipo anali otchuka chifukwa chokhoza kupeza chilankhulo chimodzi ndi munthu aliyense.
Kuphatikiza apo, Nikolai Ivanovich anali wokonda masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndimafuna kukonzekera zojambulajambula pamagulu aphwando komanso kufalitsa masamba a Pravda. Ndi mwa zojambula za Stalin, zolembedwa kuchokera ku chilengedwe, osati chithunzi.
Anachirikiza olemba ambiri - Maxim Gorky, Boris Pasterk, Mayalstam's Osipa. Ndili ndi Sergey Yesenin, Bukharina anali ndi maubwenzi ovuta - nthawi ina adaziona kuti ndi "wolemba" wovulaza "koma atachipha ndakatuloyo, adadzipha, adapanga zonena za Iye.
Imfa
Pa Marichi 13, 1938, omwe kale anali kugwira ntchitoyo anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Wotsutsa m'makalata amene mtsogoleri adapempha kuti amubweretse mbale yamiropu, "kugona osadzuka," koma adakana pang'ono. Ndondomekoyo idatengedwa kumudzi wa mudzi wa Comrvard ndikuwombera, thupi limayatsidwa pafupi ndi malo awa.
Chosangalatsa chenicheni - kumwalira kwa ogwira nawo ntchito kunanenedweratu ndi Nikolay Ivanovich mu unyamata wake. A Cermany Centiirboantnt mu 1918 adamuwuza kuti adzaphedwa kudziko lawebusayiti, ndipo iye amene amaloza kusinthika kwa Russia ndikutchuka kwambiri ndi ochita chitembenukiro.
Ndondomekoyo imaperekedwa ku mfundo za mafilimu angapo - zojambula zojambulidwa "Nikolai Bukharin - gulu la masinthidwe" ndi "kuposa chikondi chake" (odzipereka ndi gulu la Anthu a Bukharin ", pomwe Alexander Rontov adatenga gawo lalikulu.
Zochitika
- 1914 - "Mipira yazandale. Chiphunzitso cha mfundo ndi phindu la ku Austria "
- 1923 - "Chuma Chachuma ndi Chipembedzo"
- 1918 - "Pulogalamu ya Achikomyunizimu (Bolsheviks)"
- 1919 - "Bungwe Limenyera Katundu ndi Kutembenuka"
- 1919 - "Abc of Chikominisi: Malongosoledwe odziwika bwino a pulogalamu ya chipani cha chikominisi cha Chiarsia (bollsheviks)"
- 1920 - "Chuma chikusintha"
- 1923 - "Mavuto A Capitacism ndi Gulu Lachikominisi"
- 1924 - "chiphunzitso cha zinthu zakale"
- 1928 - "Zolemba Zachuma"
- 1932 - "Goeta ndi tanthauzo lake"
- 1932 - "Darwinism ndi Marxism"
- 2008 - "m'ndende yandende Lubyanka. M'ndende Manycript Nikolai Bukharina "