Ngakhale munthu amene ali pachitsanzo cha mileya ya munthu aliyense amalimbikitsa mobwerezabwereza zinthu zachitsulo zimatha kukhala zokhazokha, zomwezo, zitsulo zikuwoneka kuti ndizomaliza monga china chake, komanso chifukwa chopatsa chidwi.
Komabe, nkhaniyi ifotokozedwa za zitsulo zosavuta kwambiri padziko lapansi: Kodi ali ndi malo ati, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zomwe ali okondweretsedwa - okonza adzauza 24cm.
Titanium (ti)
Tsegulani kumapeto kwa zaka za XVIIIIII ndi nthawi yomweyo kuwonjezereka patebulo la Mendeleev pansi pa nambala 22 ya chinthu cha atomiki ndi atomiki misa mu 47,867 a. e. M. (Atomiki Uniting of Mass) ndi kuchuluka kwa 4.5 g / cm ^ 3 zimasiyana ndi mphamvu zochititsa chidwi.
Komanso mwazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapeza mawonekedwe a olimba kwambiri ku zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, pokana bwino kwambiri. Izi zikuwonekeranso kwa madontho omwe amapezeka pamaziko a Titanium, ndi mphamvu yake yamphamvu yazomalizirayo ngakhale kutentha kwa 300 ° C, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala osagwirizana ndi nthawi yamakono.
Dzinalo polemekeza mikata ya nthano zakale zachi Greek ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe zinali zodziwika bwino kwambiri muzomwe zimadziwika kwambiri zachilengedwe, zomwe madiodiwo amatseguka kumayiko onse, kupatula Antarctica. Komanso, Russia igwira ntchito yozungulira ndi zomwe zili mu gawo lomwe likuganizira kachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa Prc.
Kuphatikiza pa mafakitale omwe tawatchula kale, olozera a Titanium ali ofunikira pomutumiza, makampani ozigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandiza, komanso odzitchilira, komanso popanga zakudya. Chifukwa cha kuwerengeka kwake, Titanium popanda mavuto omwe amatha kulumikizana ndi minofu yamoyo, osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, kuyambira ndi ma prostostics ndikupanga zida zopangira opaleshoni.
Aluminiyamu (al)
Aluminiyamu amatanthauza zitsulo zofala kwambiri zopanda pake. Kunja mu 1825 ndipo asanapangidwe kaukadaulo wopanga mafakitale opanga mafakitale, chinali chamtengo wapatali kuposa golide, chinthu chomwe ali ndi nambala ya atomiki 13 ndikulemera mu 26.982 a. e. M. ili ndi kachulukidwe ka 2.7 g / cm ^ 3 ndipo imasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa Paramagnetic, ngakhale kufooka.
Imanyamulidwa bwino komanso magetsi, sizingachitike kuwonekera, koma zimagwirizana ndi makina, kuphatikiza mosavuta kusinthasinthasintha. Ziwonetsero zozikidwa pazitsulo zopepukazi zimadziwika ndi pulasitiki, mphamvu zokwanira ndipo sizingakhale zotupa, komanso zowombedwa bwino.
Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi, aluminiyamu ali pamalo oyamba pakati pa zitsulo ndi wachitatu mwa zinthu zamankhwala za pagome la nthawi, ndikungopereka mpweya ndi silicon yokha. Migodi yake ikuchitika m'maiko oposa 15, atsogoleri omwe ali nawo ku China, Russia ndi Canada. Dzikoli limasungira zinthu izi nthawi zina limaposa zosowa zake.
Gawo logwiritsira ntchito aluminium ndikuwonetsa kutengera izi. Uwu ndiye mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi a Protechnics, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale popanga zodzikongoletsera nthawi imeneyo, pomwe inali yamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Ku Japan, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu izi mpaka pano, kusinthana nthawi zina sinjani zodzikongoletsera.
Aliyense amadziwa za mbale ndi zida zodulira kuchokera ku chitsulo chosinthika, koma amagwiritsa ntchito makamaka aluminiyam overtos ngati zida zopangira, zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira malingana ndi mphamvu. Aluminiyamu amawonjezeredwa ku "kupanga zokha" kuti athandizire kukonza - zikomo kwambiri, zimatheka kuti zitulutse bwino kuchokera ku ndodoyo ikamalizidwa.
Beryllium (kukhala)
Mosiyana ndi zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu, chitsulo ichi, chomwe chili patebulo la zovala zamankhwala nthawi nambala 4, chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa imvi, komanso kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo. Amadziwika ndi kufooka kofananira, ma aluminium apamwamba ndi magnesium. Kachulukidwe - 1.8 g / cm ... 3. Atomiki misa - 9 miyala yamkaka.
Itsegulidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za XVIII, mawonekedwe ake oyera adapezeka koyamba patatha zaka 30, mu 1828. Dzina lake lidabadwa kwa michere a borrylla, omwe, nawonso amakakamizidwa kumzinda waku India, wotchuka ndi emeralds Deposit - miyala yamtengo wapatali, yomwe ndi mtundu wa mtundu wa kubereka.
Beryllium nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu kapangidwe ka michere yakuda, komanso m'miyala yamatsenga. Madipokali omwe ali ndi chitsulo ichi ali kudera la South America ndi Africa. Dziko la Eurasia limapanganso, makamaka ku India, Kazakhstan ndi Russia, mkati mwa malire omwe ali m'magawo awiri - ku Sverdlovsk ndi ku Buryetia.
Zitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsitsa ma valows ngati owonjezera omwe amapangitsa zinthu zomwe zimapezeka ndi zolimba, zolimba komanso zosagwirizana ndi kututa. Mafuta ofooka a X-ray Beryllium amalola kuti agwiritse ntchito popanga zowunikira za garak. Zimagwiranso ntchito ku nyukiliya ngati woyang'anira neutron. Beryllium mavalos amagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wa Arospace ndi kapangidwe ka laser.
Komanso, zitsulo zimachitidwa bwino ndi mafunde omveka, chifukwa chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zowopsa, komabe, chifukwa cha zovuta zapamwamba, kuthana ndi zoopsa, kuphatikizapo kusiyanasiyana, zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana Mtengo. Ikuyimira ngoziyo kwa munthu - kusonkhana m'thupi, kumabweretsa kuwonongeka koopsa kwa ziwalo zopumira, komanso zimadziwikanso ndi carcinogenic mphamvu.
Magnesium (mg)
Ili mu tebulo la Mendeleev pansi pa chipinda 12 opanga zitsulo ndi ma atomiki ndi atomiki 24.307 a. e. m. Ndipo kuchuluka kwa 1.7 g / cm ^ 3 adayamba kupezeka mu 1808. Pulasitiki komanso yosavuta kukanikiza ndikudula.
Amadziwika ndi malo odulira (650 ° C) ndi kukana kuwonongeka. Mukamapanga maginisium okhazikika pamagnesium, maginito a zitsulo akuwonjezeka kwambiri, omwe amakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamtunduwu.
Zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazomwe zimafala kwambiri padziko lapansi ndipo zimapezeka kawiri konsekonse komanso m'madzi am'nyanja, monga ma michere ndi michere. Zizindikiro zachilengedwe za gulu la National Magnesium ndi osowa - awiriwa ali ku Russia, kum'mawa kwa Siberia, ndi Tajiistan. Mtsogoleri ku Magnesium Kupanga 2020 kumawerengedwa kuti ndi ku United States.
Makamaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze mitundu yonse ya olosera, kuwala komanso kogwira ntchito, omwe ntchito yake ndi ndege komanso mafakitale automative. Komanso, chifukwa chophatikizidwa ndi zowonjezera, umagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Pyrotechnics komanso popanga zida zapamwamba komanso zowala m'makampani odzitchinjiriza.
Popanda magnesium ufa ndi zowonjezera za othandizira oxidive, sizingatheke kujambula - ngakhale poyerekeza ndi magnesar am'madzi kale amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, zomwe zimawafunira zimasungidwa. Komanso, magnesium amatanthauza zinthu zomwe ndizofunikira pa moyo wabwino wa thupi komanso kuyenda kwa kagayidwe ka kagayidwe, kotero kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala - mu cungilogy, neurology komanso pakuthana ndi mavuto am'mimba.
Lithiamu (li)
Chifukwa chake zidafika ku chinthu chomwe ndichitsulo chophweka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kuchulukitsa kwa Lithiamu, komwe kuli patebulo pa nthawiyo pansi pa nambala 3, ndi 0,5 g / cm ... Upangiri wa atomiki a chinthucho kuchokera ku 6.398 mpaka 6.997 a. e. m. Kutengera pa isotope. Itsegulidwa mu 1817, ndipo mu mawonekedwe azitsulo adalandira chaka chokha.
Amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala motero mawonekedwe achilengedwe amapangira mankhwala ovuta. Pulasitiki, wokonzedwa bwino ndi kugudubuzika. Utoto - siliva. Kutentha kwa firiji ndi oxygen amakumana ndi zofooka. Kuyatsidwa kumachitika 300 ° C.
Mwachilengedwe, zimapezeka m'michere yazopanga zamitundu ndi m'manda okhala ndi mchere wambiri. Zina mwazinthu zotukuka ndi chileko chodziwika bwino kwambiri, ku Australia ndi argentinan, ngakhale pali ena omwe ali m'gawo la mayiko ena, kuphatikiza China. Ku Russia, kudzikundikira kwakukulu kwa miyala yomwe ili ndi zifiniyamu - mu dera la Murmansk. M'dzikoli kuyambira 2017, imagwira ntchito yoyesera yoyesera yazitsulo kuti isachepetse chinthucho, chifukwa chomwe njirayi ndiyotheka ndi ndalama zochepa komanso ndalama.
Mchere wa lithiachi umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida za laser ndi zokometsera, monga othandizira makikitala komanso mankhwala ena mu herprom komanso mafakitale osiyanasiyana, chakudya (monga zodzikongoletsera) ndi zodzikongoletsera. Manamu a lithiam amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga omwe amachititsa kuti agwiritse ntchito zomwe amafunikira pa Electrolysis.
Zinthu zake zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mabatire, kuphatikiza alkaline, osatinso malo olimba. M'chulu zazing'onoting'onoting'ono, thupi la munthu limatha, chifukwa limathana ndi kagayidwe kazinthu, komanso zimakhudzanso kufalikira kwam'mimba komanso chitetezo chathupi.