Chiphunzitso
Mumwambo wovuta wa mavoti, kuthamangitsa zowopsa za misasa yamisala, Vamlam Shalamov amachita imodzi ya zipani zoyambirira. Nkhani za ku Aulymagrance "kolyma" zimasimba za mayeso ankhanza ankhanza omwe atenga gawo la mbadwo wathu. Popeza anapulumuka mabwalo amoto wa kuzunzidwa, adawaletsa kudzera mupsinjika wa mawu aluso ndipo anayimirira m'mabuku angapo a mabuku aku Russia a zaka za zana la anthu 20.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Vamllam Tikhonovich Shalamov adabadwa ku Voglogda pa Juni 5, 1907. Anachokera ku banja la ansembe. Abambo ake, a agogo ndi amalume, anali m'busa wa Tchalitchi cha Orthodox. Tikhson NikolayEvich anali pachibwenzi ndi mafuko aku Aleatiya ku Islands akutali (tsopano gawo la Alaska) ndikudziwa bwino Chingerezi. Amayi a wolemba adayamba kulera ana, ndipo m'zaka zomaliza za moyo adagwira ntchito kusukulu. Varalla anali mwana wachisanu m'banjamo.
Mnyamatayo anaphunzira kuwerenga m'zaka zitatu ndipo mwadyera anamwala zonse zomwe zimapezeka palaibulale ya banja. Zida zolembedwa ndi zaka zinayamba kuvuta kwambiri: adachoka ku ulendo wopita ku malingaliro anzeru. Wolemba mtsogolo anali ndi luso lochenjera, malingaliro ndi chikhumbo chotsutsa. Mothandizidwa ndi mabuku mmenemo, malingaliro oyandikana ndi anthu a anthu adapangidwa koyambirira.
Kale ubwana, varlam amalemba ndakatulo zoyambirira. Ali ndi zaka 7, mnyamatayo waperekedwa kwa masewera olimbitsa thupi, koma maphunziro amasokonekera chifukwa cha kusinthaku, motero adzamaliza sukulu mu 1924. Zochitika za wolemba zaka za ana ndi achinyamata amafotokoza mwachidule mu "Vologda yachinayi" - nkhani yokhudza zaka zoyambirira za moyo.
Nditamaliza maphunziro kusukulu, mnyamatayo amapita ku Moscow ndipo amapita kukalowa m'magulu a Metropolitan: Amapita ku chomera ndipo zaka 2 amalemekeza luso la zojambula pachikuto. Ndipo kuyambira 1926 mpaka 1928, iye amalandira maphunziro apamwamba ku Moscow State University, kuphunzira malamulo a Soviet. Koma kuchokera ku yunivesite, sikuti, popeza anaphunzira anzawo akusukulu kuchokera ku chidzudzulocho chokhudza "kusamvana. Chifukwa chake galimoto yonyansa ija imalowa kabuku ka wolemba.
Mwa zaka za wophunzira, Shalamov amayendera bwalo lolemba lomwe lili ndi magazini yolembedwayo ", komwe amamudziwa ndikulankhulana ndi wachinyamata wobwereza.
Kumangidwa ndi Malingaliro
Mu 1927, Shalamovo amatenga nawo mbali ziwonetsero zodzipereka mpaka zaka khumi za October. Monga gawo la gulu la pansi pandekha Trotskistov, amayimilira ndi mawu "pansi ndi Stalin!" Ndipo kuyimbanso ku mapangano owona a Ilyich. Mu 1929, chifukwa chotenga nawo gawo pa gulu la Trotskyyist, Vamlam Shalamov adayamba kusungidwa ndipo "posayeserera" chinthu chovulaza anthu ngati "pagulu loipa".
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, wojambula wake wa percheric mitardaria, wopondereza mpaka 1951 ayamba. Wolemba woyamba akutumikira ku Vishaga, komwe mu Epulo 1929 amabwera ndi ndende ya mbiya. Kumpoto kwa Urals, akaidi amatenga nawo mbali mu malo omanga akulu kwambiri a dongosolo la zaka zisanu - chomera cha mankhwala okwanira ku Berezniki chimamangidwa.
Omasulidwa mu 1932, Shalamovo amabwerera ku Moscow ndipo amalandila ndalama polemba ntchito, mogwirizana ndi manyuzipepala opanga ndi magazini. Komabe, mu 1936, bambo wina akukumbukiranso "uve yonyansa ya Trotskylist" komanso kuimbidwa mlandu wotsutsa. Pakadali pano ataweruzidwa kwa zaka 5 ndipo mu 1937 amatumizidwa ku Mamadan kumbuyo kwa ntchito yovuta kwambiri - migodi yagolide.
Chilangocho chinatha mu 1942, koma akaidi anakana kupanga mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo yayikulu ya dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko. Kuphatikiza apo, Shalamovo nthawi zonse "adasoka" mawu atsopano mu zolemba zosiyanasiyana: nayi msampha "ndi mawu a owotcha", ndi "anti-Soviet". Zotsatira zake, nthawi ya wolembayo yakula mpaka zaka 10.
Kwa zaka zonsezi, adakwanitsa kusintha mikata isanu ku Krymsky Camps, yemwe adasankhidwa m'midzi ndi migodi ngati mlengi, logger ndi kufufukula. Anali ndi mwayi wogona mchipinda chamankhwala monga "Dotting", chomwe sichithanso kugwira ntchito iliyonse yakuthupi. Mu 1945, zotopetsa kuchokera pamakhalidwe osakanikirana, ndi gulu la akaidi kuyesera kuthawa, koma kumangokulitsa vuto ndi chilangocho chimatsimikizika m'derali.
Apanso kuchipatala, Shalamov amakhalabe komweko, ndipo atalandira malangizowo kuti azichita maphunziro a azotsatira. Nditamaliza maphunziro awo 1946, varlam Tikhonovich mpaka kumapeto kwa ndende kundende ku Misasa ya Far East. Popeza anamasulidwa, koma womenyedwa mu ufulu, wolemba amagwira ntchito kwa chaka ndi theka ku Yatutia ndipo amayenda ndalama kupita ku Moscow, pomwe zimangobwerera mu 1953.
Chilengedwa
Kuchoka Kumapeto Omaliza, Shalamov adagwira ntchito monga mtolankhani wa Moscow Trade Mabuku. Mu 1936 nkhani yake yoyamba yaluso idasindikizidwa pa masamba a Okutobala. Kuchotsa chaka cha 20 kutha kunapangitsa kuti wolemba uja, ngakhale m'misasa samasiya kujambula ndakatulo yake yomwe idzapanga maziko a kobiri ya kolyma.
Nkhani za kolyma zimawerengedwa kuti ndi ntchito ya Shalamov. Kutoleredwa kumeneku kumaperekedwa kwa zaka zozunzidwa ndi misasa yamiyala mwachitsanzo cha moyo wa akaidi a Sevvostl ndipo ali ndi zotupa "," zojambula m'dziko, etc.).
Mmenemo, ojambula amafotokoza zomwe zachitika pamoyo wa anthu osweka ndi dongosolo. Kutanthauzira Ufulu, Kugwirizana ndi Chiyembekezo, Kutopa, Nyengo Yozizira Komanso Osachipilira, munthu amataya nkhope yake komanso umunthu wotsimikiza mtima kwambiri. Mundende, kuthekera kochita chibwenzi, chifundo ndi kulemekezana, nkhani yopulumuka imachitika.
Osagwirizana ndi wolemba "Gulam Archiplago", Shalamov anali wotsimikiza kuti msasawo ndi sukulu yonyansa kwa aliyense komanso aliyense, ndipo nthawi zambiri amayankha za Soluzhenayn pompopompo, kutsutsa pamutuwu za misasa.
Shalamov anali wotsutsana ndi buku la "Kolma Nkhani za" Kolma "ndi buku lina, ndipo pamsonkhano wonsewo adasindikizidwa ku Russia kokha. Kutengera ndi ntchito mu 2005, kanemayo adawomberedwa.
Mu 1960-70, Vamlam Tikhonovich amatulutsa ndakatulo, amalemba zokumbukira zaubwana (nkhani "yachinayi yomaliza") ndi zokumana nazo za kampu yoyamba (vishera antioman).
Kuzungulira komaliza kwa ndakatulo kukubwera mu 1977.
Moyo Wanu
Chikondwerero cha wogwira ntchito wamuyaya sichinalepheretse wolemba kuti amange moyo wanu. Ndi mkazi wake woyamba Galina wa Italievna wabwino amadziwitsa msasa wa visthe. Pamenepo, malinga ndi iye, iye "anamenya" mkaidi wina, yemwe mtsikanayo adabwera kudzacheza. Mu 1934, banjali linakwatirana, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi, mwana wamkazi wa Elena anabadwa.
Ndi kumangidwa kwachiwiri kwa wolemba, kuponderezana adachitidwapo izi: A Galine adapita kumudzi wakutali wa Turkmenistan, komwe amakhala mpaka 1946. Banja limakumana limodzi kokha mu 1953 zokha, pomwe Shalamov abwerera kuchokera ku Moscow, koma mu 1954 okwatirana amabedwa.
Mkazi wachiwiri wa Varlam Tikhonovich anali a Olga Sergeevna Neklyuva, membala wa Union of Soviet. Shalamov adakhala mwamuna wake wachinayi ndipo watha. Ukwati unakhala zaka 10, kunalibe ana kwa banjali.
Pambuyo pa chisudzulo mu 1966 komanso mpaka atamwalirayo atakhala osungulumwa.
Imfa
M'zaka zaposachedwa za moyo, mkhalidwe wa wolemba thanzi unali wovuta kwambiri. Zambiri zotopetsa pamavuto a zinthu zomwe anthu sizinali pachabe. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, amasinthana ndi mavuto a matenda amitundu, ndipo pakumva kwa 70s ndi masomphenya pang'onopang'ono.
Mwamuna sangathetse mayendedwe ake ndikuyenda movutikira, ndipo mu 1979, abwenzi ndi ogwira ntchito amamunyamula kunyumba ya anthu omwe ali ndi zilema. Kuyesa zovuta ndi zolankhula ndi mgwirizano, Shalamov imasiya kuyesa kulemba ndakatulo.
Mu 1981, wolemba anali ndi sitiroko, pomwepo zinkamutumiza kupita kunyumba yolowera kwa anthu kuti anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amisala. Pamenepo amwalira pa Januware 17, 1982, chifukwa cha kufa ndi kutupa kwamapapu.
Mwana wa wansembe, Shalamov nthawi zonse amaganiza kuti alibe osakhulupirira, koma anatumizidwa malinga ndi mwambo wa Orthodox ndipo anaikidwa m'manda a Montnsevsky ku Moscow. Zithunzi zosungidwa kuchokera kumaliro a wolemba.
Wotchedwa Shalamov ali odzipereka kwa malo osungirako zinthu zakale komanso mawu odziwika omwe ali m'malo osiyanasiyana amdzikoli: ku Vologda, mu kolyma, komwe wolemba anali kugwira ntchito yomwe anali atachotsedwa ntchito. .
M'bali
- 1936 - "Imfa zitatu za Dr. Aisino"
- 1944 - "Kolyma Kulemba"
- 1954-1973 - "Kolym Nkhani"
- 1961 - "pansi"
- 1964 - "Tsamba Labwino"
- 1967 - "mseu ndi tsoka"
- 1971 - "vologda yachinayi"
- 1972 - "Mitambo ya Moscow"
- 1973 - "Vifehera"
- 1973 - "Feder Raskolnikov"
- 1977 - "Malo owiritsa"