Chiphunzitso
Ottoman Sultan Mahmoud II amadzisiyatsa omwe amasinthana ndi ufumu wa Ottoman ndi Egypt, omwe mfundo zake zimachitika pa boma la Sutoman.
![Chithunzi cha Mahmoud II. Chithunzi cha Mahmoud II.](/userfiles/126/12820_1.webp)
Osadziwika kwambiri za wolamulira mwanayo. Mnyamatayo adabadwa m'chilimwe cha 1785 mu chipolopolo cha Sultansky wa Tokan ku Istanbul. Monga mwana wamng'ono wa Abdulha Comud I - Sultuan Sultan wa Ufumu wa Ottoman, Maghud adaleredwa ndi ana ena, abale ndi alongo ambiri.
Amayi ake anali mkazi wa Sultan - mbadwa zachikuto za ku Caribbean. Mwanjira ina mtsikanayo adayenda mozungulira nyanja, majereta a ku Africa adagwidwa. Zinabweretsedwa ku Ufumu wa Ottoman monga chinthu chamoyo ndikugulitsa pamsika wa Algeria.
Bungwe Lolamulira
Ahmoud anali mwana, adatsogolera dzikolo kwa abambo ake, ndipo amakhala m'ndimeyi ndipo anali pambali pa zochitika za anthu. Mwamuna wina anapulumuka nkhondo ndi ufumu wa ku Russia, koma miyezi inayi atagonjetsedwa, Russia adamwalira ndi sitiroko. Ndipo malo ake adatengedwa ndi Selim II, mwana wa Hasafa IIi, amene adapanga kukonzanso dziko la Ottoman ndikusintha gulu lankhondo. Chiwonetsero cha kugwa kwake chinali chisangalalo ku Serbia ndi Valaa, iwo sanawonepo kufooka kwa mphamvu ya Sultan.
![Sultan Mahmoud ii. Sultan Mahmoud ii.](/userfiles/126/12820_2.webp)
Mu 1807, Seluma amalowa m'malo mwa OSAFA IV, ndi izi, ochirikiza kusintha kwa kusintha kwa wolamulira wakale woweruzidwa. Nkhondo idapitilira ndi Russia. Chaka chotsatira, kupanduka kumene kunayambira, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwatsopano kwa mahammoud ii, osfaka adaphedwa, ndipo adakhala Sultan Sultan. Chifukwa chake pazaka 23 zakubadwa kwa zaka zake zambiri za boma.
Kufooka kwa Ufumu wa Ottoman kunali maphwando ankhondo komanso ankhondo, omwe, m'malingaliro a wolamulira watsopanoyo, adafunsa kusintha kwa mtundu wa boma. Mahmoud amasankha kutsimikizira ndale za selimu.
Chinthu choyamba Mahmoud chimatero - chimapangitsa kusintha kwankhondo ndikukonzanso ma corps a Yanychar, omwe panthawiyo panthawiyo anali maziko a gulu lankhondo lachifumu. Ndipo popeza adawonetsa kusagwirizana kwawo pakumenya nkhondo, Sultan adangowononga majerepu awo, ndipo kubwezedwa adapanga "gulu lopambana la Mohammed."
![Mahmoud ii kuti athe kusintha zovala Mahmoud ii kuti athe kusintha zovala](/userfiles/126/12820_3.webp)
Ambiri monga ambiri amakhulupirira, sanawatenge patapita nthawi, popeza gulu lankhondo latsopanoli silinakhale ndi chidziwitso chofunikira komanso kulanga chifukwa chakutha kwa nkhondo ndi Russia ndi Greece. Ndipo kenako wolamulirawo amakakamizidwa kusangalala ndi gulu la zida zofunikira komanso kuphunzira kwake, chifukwa cha izi adapemphala zolaula.
Olemba mbiri yakale amakondwerera chopereka cha Sultan kukhala nzika za boma. Mwamunayo adayesetsa kuti aziganizira za Ufumu wa Ottoman, ndipo zinthu za mipando ndi zinthu zinayamba kuphatikiza anthu akumaloko, nyuzipepala yoyamba ya ku Tuttoman Turkey idayamba kupangidwa. Kuti mupewe maphunziro akumadzulo, wachinyamata wotumizidwa kukaphunzira kunja, mphamvu ya Lamulo pooneka ngati mawonekedwe a anthu anayambitsa mawonekedwe a Europe.
Mahmoud adasankha yunifolomu yazomera za anthu m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri patchuthi cha Asilamu, adayambitsa zovala za European Dulani ndi mayiko a boma. Ndipo ngati, lisanapatsidwe phwando, phwando lolumikizana la amuna ndi akazi sinathe kudutsa malamulo apatsopano, lamulo linasiyidwa.
![Mahmoud II Pambuyo posintha Mahmoud II Pambuyo posintha](/userfiles/126/12820_4.webp)
Zosintha sizinangowoneka za dzikolo. Mahmoud nawonso adakumana ndi mavuto a maphunziro akudziko. Zili ndi Iye maphunziro onsewa, asitikali ndi akatswiri mabungwe ophunzitsira adayamba kuwonekera mu Ufumu wa Ottoman.
Nthawi yomweyo, kuyesayesa komweko kunapangidwa kuti apange kachitidwe ka Tustish Media ndikupanga makina ogulitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, kusinthaku kunali kolingana ndi kulimbikitsa olamulira apakati, komanso kuthana ndi mikhalidwe ya zigawo komanso kupatula ziphuphu kuchokera kwa olamulira. Malamulo ambiri komanso achifwamba adasinthasintha.
Kuphatikiza apo, tafooketsa zoletsedwa pakubwera kwa zoledzeretsa ndi kugulitsa kwawo. Kusintha konseku ndi zinthu zatsopano nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa mayankho osalimbikitsa ochokera ku zigawo zonse, zomwe zimatsanulidwa nthawi zambiri. Ndipo sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimatsutsana ndi zomwe amakonda komanso luso lodziwika bwino la moyo wa anthu otoman. Ngakhale kuti Sultan, dzikolo linapitilirabe kugwetsa kulimbana ndi ziweto.
![Chithunzi cha Mahmoud II. Chithunzi cha Mahmoud II.](/userfiles/126/12820_5.webp)
Pang'onopang'ono adataya Ufumu wa Ottoman ndi kale pazinthu zakunja zakunja. Pokhala ndale komanso zachuma, dzikolo lidawonongeka chifukwa cha kugonja kwankhondo. Chumacho chinachepa, thumba ladzikolo lidachepetsedwa, izi zidapangitsa kulimbitsa kuponderezana.
Kuphatikiza apo, ulamuliro wa Maghud wadzazidwa ndi nkhondo ndi kuwonongeka kwa dzikolo. Ku Ottoman-Saudi Nkhondo ya Wahhabi, AHAMBER Ali ku Aigupto, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa Sultan, adabweza nkhondoyo pansi pa mphamvu ya Ottomans. Nkhondo yaku Russia-Turkey-Turkey ya 1806-1812 idatha kuti Sultan siabwino.
![Mapu a Ufumu wa Ottoman mu Mahmod II Mapu a Ufumu wa Ottoman mu Mahmod II](/userfiles/126/12820_6.webp)
Pomaliza, pangano la Bucharest Roma linapangidwa, chifukwa cha komwe ku Tuldova ndi Bessarabia. Ndipo dziko la Adriapol lonse linamaliza nkhondo ina ya Chirasha ndi Ottomani mu 1829, koma inalinso ndi zinthu zosapindulitsa.
Zaka za ulamuliro wa Sultan, nkhondo yachi Greek itachita ufulu, adataya ma Greece onse, omwe ambiri mwa mphamvu za ku Europe adathandizidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kudziimira kudziyimira pa Egypt ndipo sanalinso paubwenzi ku Istanbul. Kuchokera ku Mahmud, bwanamkummyomyo Munkatuluka, amafuna kupanga ufumu wake, kenako anathandiza Ufumu wa Ottoman yekha.
Moyo Wanu
Monga ndi atsogoleri ena a ufumu wa Ottoman, moyo wa Mahmoud anali wolemera. Mwa amayi ndi akazi aakazi, bambo anali ndi akazi 18 omwe, modzikuza, adabereka ana 39 (19 ana aamuna ndi 20). Ambiri a iwo anafa ali ndiubwana ndi unyamata, ana amuna ndi akazi amuna ndi akazi asanu anali ndi anthu akulu. M'modzi mwa iwo, Mikhriay-a Sultan, adakwatirana m'zaka 24, ndipo mu 1838 adabereka mkazi wa mkazi wake. Komabe, atangobadwa mwana, mkazi, monga wakhanda wake, anamwalira.
![Mahmoud II. Mahmoud II.](/userfiles/126/12820_7.webp)
Ngati tikambirana za mawonekedwe a Sultan, ndikofunikira kukula kwake pang'ono komanso kusakhazikika pamaonekedwe ake, omwe nthawi zambiri amawonekera m'zithunzi zake. Nthawi yomweyo, bamboyo ankasiyanitsidwa ndi nzeru zamphamvu komanso zaluso kwambiri. Anali wobisalira, anali ndi chipiriro, anayesera kuti akwaniritse zolingazo. Nthawi yomweyo, sultan anali ndi chidwi ndi moyo waku Europe, ndipo sanadyetse chipembedzo.
Imfa
Kwa zaka zambiri, Mahmud adayamba kusokoneza nkhanza zoledzeretsa. Popita nthawi, idayamba kuwononga thanzi la anthu ndikuchepetsa ntchito yake, zikuchulukirachulukira kutembenuka kwamkati ndi zotupa zakunja. Ndipo zaka 2-3 zomaliza za moyo wa wolamulira zinali zodziwika bwino kuti sizingatheke ngati mutu wa ufumuwo.
![Mausoleum Mahmoud ii. Mausoleum Mahmoud ii.](/userfiles/126/12820_8.webp)
Potengera maziko a zizolowezi zowopsa, nyuzizo zidayamba kukhala ndi matenda omwe sachitanso madokotala. Mwamuna wina adamwalira mu 1893, chifukwa cha imfa chinali chifuwa chachikulu cha mapapu ndi cirrhosis a chiwindi. Mahamud II, malo ake mu mphamvu adatenga mmodzi wa ana - Abul-Medzhid I.
Kukumbuka
Mu 2019, pa TV yaku Russia, chiwonetsero cha nkhaniyo "Sultan of Hereming" adawongoleredwa ndi Kerema Chakiroglu adayamba. Kumbuyo kwa Istanbul, kuyamba kwa zaka za zana la XIX kumawululira nkhani ya chikondi, yomwe imakumana ndi zovuta zambiri poyenda. Mwana wamkazi wa kazembe waku Russia Anna, akugwira ntchito ku kazembe wa ufumu wa ku Russia, akupangana ndi Sultan Mahmoud II.
Pokhala woyamba wa kuyambitsa maphunziro awo ku dziko la dziko lake, mwamunayo amakhudzidwa ndi malingaliro ndi kudziwa za mtsikana wokongola, motero amamuuza kuti azigwira ntchito ya ana ake. Poyamba, mwana wamkazi wa mkuluyu akana, koma mokakamizidwa ndi anthu ena amavomera.
![Mahmoud II - Chithunzi, mbiri yamunthu, moyo waumwini, chifukwa cha imfa, Sultoman Sultan 12820_9](/userfiles/126/12820_9.webp)
Popeza adakhala kwakanthawi koloko lachifumu, mtsikana akumvetsa zomwe zimayamba kukondana ndi Mahmoud. Komabe, panjira yake, Anna akumana ndi mavuto ambiri. Anthu ambiri okhala mgululi ndi mnzake, ndipo ana a Sultan akana kumvera mphunzitsi ku dziko lina.
Chitsotso chomwe chimaperekedwa mufilimuyi ndi chabodza, chifukwa pakati pa akazi ndi akazi sulthan sanakhalepo ndi nthumwi za Ufumu wa Russia. Udindo wa Munthu Wofunika, Sultan, anakwaniritsa Aspar Aspar, gawo la mtsikanayo Anna adapita ku Ukraine Alexander nikiforova.