Chiphunzitso
A Thomas Gobbs ndi wasayansi wa Chingerezi komanso woganiza za XVII zaka za XVII, yemwe adawerengedwa kuti ndi woyambitsa ndale ndipo adathandizira kuti asayansi andaleyi ngati mbiriyakale, zamulungu ndi geometry. Ntchito yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya Hobobs idayamba kuchitira "Levian", kuzindikiridwa ngati zitsanzo zoyambirira komanso zotchuka za chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa anthu.Chifuniro chamulungu
A Thomas Gobbs adabadwira mu mzinda wa English, tsopano wotchedwa Malmsbury, Epulo 5, 1588. Mnyamatayo adatchedwa bambo atatha, A Thomas-Akuluakulu omwe amagwira ntchito vicria ku Charlton ndi Westport. Ana a Hobbs akadali ochepa, kholo lidachokera ku London, kusiya banja kumbali yosamalira m'bale wamkulu, wamalonda wolemera komanso wosungulumwa. Dzinali ndi chikhalidwe cha maphunziro a mayi sanadziwe.
Ali mwana, wafilosofi wamtsogolo adapita ku sukulu ya mpingo wa komweko, kenako bolodi. Mu 1603, a Thomas adakhala wophunzira wa koleji Magdalen, yemwe anali yemwe adalowa m'malo mwa oxford Haford. Kuphunzitsa pa pulogalamu ya payekhapayekha, Gobbbs adalandira digiri ya Bachelor ndipo, pakulimbikitsa m'modzi wa aphunzitsi, adalandira aphunzitsi ku banja la Aristocratic of Cavendis.
A Thomas adakhala mnzake wa Baron William, ndipo mu 1610, anyamatawa adapita ku Europe, pomwe makonda adakumana ndi njira zapamwamba komanso zotsutsa, kusiyanitsidwa ndi ziphunzitso zachikhalidwe zachingelezi. Wanzeru Zamtsogolo za umphawiyo Werengani ndi olemba achi Greek ndi Chilatini ndipo amasulira ntchito zawo mchilankhulo chakwawo. Zina mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyi, otchuka kwambiri anali kusintha kwa "mbiri ya Nkhondo ya Peloponnesiya" funkid.
Anzathu mnzake atamwalira ndi mliri mu 1628, mlangizi amayenera kuyang'ana malo atsopano. Kwa nthawi yayitali anali pafupi ndi ndakatulo ndi Seweroli a Ben Johnson, kenako anali mlembi wa wafilosofi wa England ndi njira ya Francis Bayan. Pakadali pano, wasayansi wamtsogolo adatengedwa ndi geometry adatengedwa ndi geometry ndikuphunzitsidwa bwino "Euclida, ataphunzira kuchokera m'buku la mapangidwe awa ndikutumiza umboni.
Mpaka 1631, Thomas adakhala ngati mphunzitsi kuchokera pa cholembera cha jenifon, kenako nabwerera kunyumba ya Cavendishi kuti alere mwana wake woyambayo. Zaka zingapo zotsatirazi zimakulitsa chidziwitso m'munda wa nzeru zanzeru ndikusintha luso la mikangano. Mu 1634, adapitanso ku Europe, komwe adalumikizana ndi zozungulira za Maren a Mersinna ndipo adatenga nawo gawo motsutsana ndi mikangano ya filosofi dows ndi Pierre Soelsendi.
Zolemba pa 1636, a Thomas adapita ku Italy ndipo adakumana ndi wamkulu wa Galileo Galileya, amene analimbikitsanso malingaliro anzeru m'moyo weniweni.
Kutembenuza kwa Chingerezi 1640 - 1653 Kukakamizidwa kuti muchoke kudziko lakwawo kuti mukhale nthawi yayitali ndikukhazikika ku Paris. Pamenepo, mothandizidwa ndi mamembala, a mug ya merdenna, pamapeto pake afilosofi pomaliza adapanga dongosolo pazofunikira kwambiri za munthu wokhalapo.
Pakadali pano, a Hobbles adagwira ntchito yophunzitsa masamu a kalonga wachichepere, yemwe adafika ku France kuchokera ku Jersey Island. Kubwerera ku London mu 1651, asayansiwo adasindikiza zolembedwa ndipo posakhalitsa adalemba ntchito ndipo posakhalitsa adalemba ndipo posakhalitsa adalemba dongosolo lake lanzeru, lomwe lidatenga zaka 20.
Mu 1666, nyumba ya madera linapereka ndalama zosemphana ndi kusakhulupirira, ndipo mabuku a Hobus, omwe anayamba kuganizira za atsogoleriwo, anakopa chidwi chawo pa olamulira. Poopa kuzunzidwa, adatentha mapepala, koma adataya mwayi wofalitsa ntchito ku England. Ntchito yomaliza ya wasayansi inali autobiography, yolembedwa mu vesi, ndi Chingerezi "cha Homer wakale.
Moyo wa wafilosofi umadziwika kwambiri. Mwinanso ankakhala yekha, kukhala wopanda mkazi kapena ana. Malinga ndi nthawi ya anthu a nthawi, abus ankakonda kugwira ntchito mumdima ndi makandulo, chifukwa makatani omwe anali mnyumba nthawi zonse amachotsedwa. Adayenda kwambiri komanso m'malo mowerenga mabuku, adalankhula ndi anthu anzeru komanso ophunzira.
Hobbes adadwala mkokomo wa m'mimba, womwe mu Okutobala 1679 adatsogolera ku matenda owalawa, omwe adayambitsa wafilosofi pa Disembala 4, 1679.
Malingaliro
The Hbbs Phisosophir anali wokonda chuma yemwe amakana kukhalapo kwa uzimu womwalirayo ndikukhala ndi dongosolo lake lolingalira za munthuyo ndi chilengedwe chonse. M'magulu oyambilira, wasayansi adawona kuti mtembowo ukuwona zimango, pokhulupirira kuti kusuntha kwa thupiku kumachitika popanga zochitika zapadera, zomwe zimakondana, komanso kudziwa kuyanjana pagulu.
Kumayambiriro kwa 1640s, A Thomas adagawa njira yomwe idalembedwako "idayamba mwachilengedwe, zachilengedwe komanso zandale" zomwe zidagawidwa m'magawo awiri omwe adasindikizidwa ndikutchedwa "chibadwa cha umunthu" ndi "chandale" Mu ntchitoyi, wasayansi kwa nthawi yoyamba adagwira mitu yamphamvu ndikupanga mfundo zomwe munthu yekhayo amayenera kugwira ntchito. Mu 1642, Hoblies adalemba ntchito yotchedwa "nzika"
Pambuyo pake ntchitoyi idakhala gawo la "Zolinga za Filogophy of the Sfilophy", wopangidwa ndi mankhwala "onena za thupilo", "zonena za thupilo", pomwe wasayansi adalongosola za chibadwa cha munthu yemwe amafuna kuti munthu akhalepo. Lamulo lokhazikika, kugwirira ntchito malingaliro a mfundo ndi zamulungu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, nkhondo ya "nkhondo ya onse motsutsana" inatulukira, yopangidwa ndi zinthu zosangalatsa ku Leviathan ndipo zidalowa.
Coluse "Nkhani, mawonekedwe ndi mphamvu ya mpingo ndi anthu wamba", omwe amadziwika kuti ndi a Leviafan, akhala nkhani yapamwamba kwambiri yokhudza makonzedwe aboma komanso mawu omveka bwino a mgwirizano wa anthu.
Mu ntchitoyi, wafilosofi wafotokoza fanizo la munthu, adamuyerekezera ndi zinthu, zomwe zinali zoyenda mosalekeza, popanda kufafaniza moyo wosawoneka bwino komanso lingaliro la lingaliro. Kukangana za zabwino ndi zoyipa, Gobu adanena kuti iwo anali zilako lako za anthu kapena machitidwe a anthu kuti apite kumbali kapena kwa iye.
Lingaliro la Chikhalidwe Chabwino Kwambiri, wasayansi adalola kuti zoipa zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zidafotokozedwa poopa kufa mwankhanza ndikuthandizira kuti chitsimikiziro cha boma. Kupeza munthu kupitirira mgwirizano wandale, mosavuta kunapangitsa kuti aliyense azitsogolera aliyense.
Gobbs akukhulupirira kuti dziko lotereli likukakamiza anthu kuti asiye maufulu achilengedwe omwe adawongoleredwa ndi kampani yomwe inali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pofotokoza za "boma". Kutengera ndi omwe adapereka zofuna za munthu mkati mwa mgwirizano wapagulu, ma Hobbes adagawa mitundu itatu ya State: Mwini wakeyo, demokalacy, omwe amasiyana.
Popeza wasankha umfumuwu, wasayansi adalemba kuti chuma, mphamvu ndi ulemu wa wolamulirawo wokhawosa, mphamvu ndi mbiri yamikhalidwe yotereyi ndizosatheka.
Ku Leviathan, Gobbb mosamala idanena kuti wolamulira kapena wolamulira ayenera kuwongolera anthu wamba, ankhondo, nkhani zamipingo ndipo zimathetsa kuthekera kwamphamvu ya boma. Izi zinabweretsa zionetsero zina za chikhalidwe zomwe zimabweretsa ziswe.
Cholingachi chidasindikizidwa koyamba mu 1651 poyika tsamba laudindo ndi chithunzi cha chimphona cha mphete kuchokera m'matupi a anthu, m'tsogolo pa zitunda ndi zigwa. Ndipo Hobbs adayamba kutamanda ndi kutsutsa zoposa zingapo kuposa zomwe akuganiza bwino kwambiri za nthawi imeneyo. Aneneri achichepere adatenga malingaliro a wolemba ntchitoyo, adawapanga m'magulu awo. Mmodzi mwa otsatira a Hobus omwe adadziwika kuti ndi wasayansi wa Chingerezi, wokonda chuma a John Locke.
Leviathan, Gobbbs adasindikiza "zilembo za ufulu" ndipo "mafunso okhudza ufulu," pomwe ziphunzitso zoyambirira za chibadwa, mantha, chiphunzitso chachilengedwe chayamba.
Asayansi adayambitsa malingaliro azochita zanzeru komanso osasamala, ndipo amatanthauzira kuti azolowere, ndipo ufulu udatanthauziridwa ngati kusowa kwa zopinga zamkati komanso zachilengedwe. AIfilofifir adakhulupirira kuti zonse zomwe zidachitika zinali zolowererapo kwa womuthandizira kunja ndipo sizitha kuchitika palokha.
Ntchito ya Gobbb idakhala katswiri wapakale wandale komanso adamasuliridwa mobwerezabwereza m'zilankhulo zakunja. Pambuyo pa kumwalira kwa wasayansi ku England, zokambirana pakati pa wafilosofi ndi wophunzira wa malamulo wamba a England ndi Behemoth, kapena nyumba yamalamulo, yolembedwa mu 1666 ndi 1668.
Mawu
"Ufulu wachilengedwe ndi ufulu kuchita chilichonse chomwe, pomvetsetsa za munthu, ndiye woyenera kwambiri kusunga moyo wake." "Lamulo lachilengedwe ndi lotani mtendere; Ngati sangathe kukwaniritsa, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zilizonse zomwe zimapereka zabwino pankhondo. "" Choonadi ndi chimakhala ndi chikhalidwe cha kalankhulidwe, osati zinthu. Kumene palibe chowonadi, palibe chowonadi, palibe mabodza. "M'bali
- 1640 - "Zinthu Zachifumu, Zachilengedwe ndi Zandale"
- 1650 - "Kuchitira Umunthu"
- 1651 - "Zingwe za Philosofio zokhudzana ndi boma ndi anthu"
- 1642-165555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555MICY "
- 1651 - "Leviafan, kapena nkhani, mawonekedwe ndi mphamvu ya mpingo ndi munthu wamba"
- 1654 - "Makalata Okhudza Ufulu ndi Kufunika"
- 1656 - "Mafunso Onena za Ufulu, Kufunika ndi Zangozi"