Chiphunzitso
Zaka za XX Nyengo ndi Nkhondo Zake ndi Kusintha Kwake, nkhanza zachuma ndi zikhalidwe zanzeru zomwe zidapanga chilengedwe chawo, cholowa chamtengo wapatali. M'modzi mwa opanga awa anali ndakatulo yaku Germany, wolemba komanso wolemba Bretly Brett, omwe ma syrey omwe adakhala kakhalidwe kadziko la dziko lonse lapansi. "Shakespeare ya zaka za zana la 20" - lotchedwa Brecht a nthawi yanthawi yakale, ndikuwunika kwambiri lingaliro lake la "epic zisudzo".Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Oknran Berthold (Bertold) Brecht adabadwa pa February 10, 1898 ku Augsburg, Germany. Abambo a Briedrich Brecht adadutsa njira yothandizira malonda kwa wothandizila wapepala. Mayi Services - mwana wamkazi wa mutu wa fakitale ya njanji. Ohiz anakhala banja loyamba kubadwa.
Chet Brecht anali m'modzi mwa olemera kwambiri m'tauni yaying'ono ya Bavarian. Ndipo mnyamatayo anakulira mu chikhalidwe cha zaka zoterezi mumkhalidwe wa Bourgeois: Makolowo anali ndi wantchito, mwa ana - Nanny, wokondedwa mphatso ya Khrisimasi ndi aphunzitsi abwino. Pambuyo pake, Oygen adapita kusukulu ya wowerengeka yamphamvu ya Franciscian, kenako adalowa ndi Rovaria Royal Gootlalium kwenikweni.
Komabe, maphunziro adakhala oofesi, omwe anali atasowa kwambiri omwe adalowa mmaloake a Meshchansky. Mikangano ndi makolo zinasintha chipolowe chenicheni, pambuyo pake mnyamatayo adasiyanitsidwa kwathunthu ndi banjali ndipo adakhala wothamangitsidwa. Mphepo yamkuntho iyi yapeza njira yopita ku luso la ndakatulo. Ndene Yoyamba, Zokambirana ndi Nkhani Zomwe Zida Zaukadaulo za Mafashonela Kuedayi, munthu wina akulemba ndikusindikiza m'magazini a masewera olimbitsa thupi mu 1913-1914.
Mu 1917, Uume adamaliza maphunziro awo ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikulowa dipatimenti yachipatala ya Yunich, koma patatha chaka chimodzi amaitanidwa ku gulu lankhondo. Pofuna kuti musalole Mwanayo kutsogolo chifukwa cha ukalamba wofooka, bambo ake a Helcht anawononga malo a Snitar kuchipatala chankhondo kwa iye.
Poona ndi kumva (nkhani za ovulala) akukhudzidwa ndi Nkhondoyo, wolemba ndakatulo alemba ntchito yake yoyamba yodziwika bwino ya msirikali wakufa ", momwe mwa njira yankhondo yakufa" Manda amazindikira ndi maofesi azachipatala abwino pantchito ndikubwerera kunkhondo. Pankhani ya masiku angapo, ndakatuloyi imakhala yotchuka komanso yosudzulidwa ndi mawu.
Chilengedwa
Posakhalitsa, Brecht abwerera ku yunivesite, koma amatanthauzira ku luso la malingaliro, komwe adangophunzira zaka 2 zokha ndipo sanatchulidwe chifukwa cha kusawoneka. Cholinga cha izi chinali chikondi chake chatsopano - zisudzo. Tsopano amakhala wamagulu azomwe amalemba zolemba ndi aluso ndipo iyenso amasewera pa gawo la The Russi Boney Attane.
M'zaka zino, masewera oyamba a Bertold Bretch amabadwa (wolemba akupanga kale pansi pa dzina ili) "meshchaskaya ukwati", "Waal usiku", koma palibe statre usiku " Kenako wosewerera amazunza chisangalalo ku Berlin, koma likulu limakhala ndi kuzizira komanso kuzizira.
Zinthu zasintha kusokonekera kwa kutsutsa kodziwika kwa Berlin kutsutsa kwa Herbert Jernger. Chifukwa cha ndemanga Zake zabwino za sercht, masewera ake anayamba kuvala zithunzi za Munich, Berlin ndi mizinda ina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti olamulira okha ndi osakhumudwitsa aboma.
Pakadali pano, Trecht amakonzanso kafukufuku wa nzeru za Berlin, komanso amagwiranso ntchito pamunda wofalitsayo, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito pabwalo la ndakatulo "(1927), amagwira ntchito pampando.
Mu 1928, mkulu watsopano wa zisudzo pa Schiflbaenddanderdamrdamr Auto Aufricht adalamula kuti akonzekere "opera wa osauka" a John Gay, Zaka za XVIII. Bertleld ndi kutentha kumatengedwa kuti agwire ntchito yomwe amayesera kuti asasinthe chiwembucho, koma chimangochita kutanthauzira kwa zithunzi ndikuyambitsa zilembo zatsopano.
Matembenuzidwe a Libretto a ku Germany adayambitsa Germany Halizabeth Hauptan. Seweroli, lotchedwa opera-atatu opera ", ikani mnzake wa breht - adatsogozedwa ndi a Eric Egeel ku nyimbo ya Kurt Shil. Unali kupambana koyamba kwa wolemba.
Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 1930s, akugwira ntchito ku Engel, kuyesera kukulitsa chiphunzitso chotchedwa "epic itanema" yomwe idapangidwa ndi yosewerera. Zimatanthawuza kuphatikizapo chochita ndi mawonekedwe a epic kuchokera ku nkhope ya munthu kapena kusalowerera ndale. Komanso, njirayi imagwirira ntchito mogwirizana ndi gawo loyambira ndi zisudzo zapamwamba komanso kuphatikizidwa mu njira yolumikizirana ndi wowonera.
Zonsezi poyamba sizinatenge zithunzi za osewera a Germany. Ndipo kumapeto kwa ma 40s ndi chilengedwe chopangidwa ndi nyumba yake, pomaliza, kuti apangike kwathunthu pakukonzanso zinthu, kenako dziko lonse lapansi la Aseti lidzanyamulidwa.
Kuthamangitsa
Mu 1935, dziko la Nationali, omwe adabwera ku Germany, omwe adapita ndi Adolf Hitler, atatsala mtima wokhala nzika za Germany, kukumbukira kufalitsa kwa ntchito zotsutsa.
Komabe, zaka 2 m'mbuyomu, wosewererayo adachoka kwawo, atasamukira ndi mkazi wake ndi ana a Vienna, kenako ku Zurich. Ku Switzerland, Brecht sanakhale wokwanira ndipo anayamba kuyang'ana kothawirako komwe akanakhalapo ndi ntchito. Mu 1933, ndili ku Germany, othandizawo adawotcha mabuku ake limodzi ndi ntchito za Erich Mary Mary Maryna ndi Karl Marx, adasamukira ku Denmark.
Apa chilengedwe chodabwitsachi, koma wolemba adalemba ntchito zakale ngati izi "mantha ndi ana ake," ndipo adamaliza maphunziro oyambira moyo waku Galileya . Kuchokera ku Derama, masamba a cecht mu 1939 chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa kwa zakutha: Mfumu ya Chikhristu X inali yotsutsana ndi ma setys ake otsutsana ndi nkhondo.
Kukhazikika kwakanthawi ku Switzerland, wolemba akudikirira Visa yaku America, koma, atalandiranso kukana, kupita ku Finland, dziko lino litachoka kunkhondo ndi chiwonongeko chake chowononga. Apa ku United States kunamupatsa visa, ndipo amachoka ku Europe kwa zaka 6. Panthawi imeneyi, wolemba amalemba zosewerera "munthu wabwino wochokera ku Selyan", "Solya Simon Mashari", "Schweik Pa Nkhondo Yadziko II", "Circle yaku Caucasian".
Kubwera Kwawo
Kubwerera kunkhondo ku Germany mu 1947, wosewerera adasankha malo ochezera a GDR. Anapeza mwayi wogwira ntchito popanda mosasamala, zoletsa komanso kuzunzidwa. Chinthu choyamba chomwe akuchita ndikupanga bwalo lake la zisudzo "bellliner chigonjetso. Ntchito yoyamba yoyamba "Payashi Kulimba mtima ndi ana ake" kumadziwika ndi mphotho ya dziko lonse.
Kukula kwake kwa ma rectoire sikunakhale kovuta, a Brecht adaimbidwa mlandu "mawonekedwe" a COSMpopolism "ndi" Pacifism ". Komabe, mu 1950, a Brecht adakhala membala wovomerezeka wa GDR Academy, ndipo mu 1954 anali wachiwiri. M'chaka chomwecho, adalandira mphotho yapadziko lonse lapansi yolimbikitsa "yolimbitsa dziko lapansi pakati pa anthu". Nthawi yomweyo amalemba ntchito yake yomaliza - yosewerera "Turandot".
Moyo Wanu
Moyo wamunthu wotchuka ndi womwe umachitika pophunzirapo digiriya zingapo. Ntchitoyi idadzipereka kwa a England a John Fueji ndi Russian Yuri Oklasky (buku "Garem Breast Brecht"). Mwachitsanzo, wolemba woyambayo amabweretsa mfundo zosangalatsa kuchokera ku biogy yosangalatsayi, ndikunena kuti mavuto ambiri a brecht ndi olemba makalata a ntchito zake, wina, komanso wina wocheperako.
Malinga ndi mawu ake, "China-China-China opera" ndi 85% omasulira Elizabeth Hauffeman, wolemba nkhani ku Sellaut ", wochita bwino ku Rusteu wa Snami Simon Mashar.
Komabe, umboni wa chiphunzitsochi kulibe, koma kuti wolemba anali wachikondi komanso wapafupi ndi akazi ambiri - kumene. Nthawi yomweyo, ankakhala muukwati wovomerezeka moyo wake wonse.
Mnzake woyamba mu 1922 anali wochita seweroli ndi woimba Marianna Tsoff. Kukhala ndi zaka 5, mayiyo anali ndi mwamuna wake mwachikondi komanso amasamala. Mu 1923, anali ndi mwana wamkazi wa Hana, yemwenso pambuyo pake anadzakhala wochita sewero.
Cholinga cha chisudzulo ndi Marianna chinali chikondi chatsopano cha malo osewerera - wachinyamata wachifwamba Elena Wapgel. Anabereka mwana wamwamuna Stefan mu 1924, ndipo okwatirana adakwatirana mwalamulo mu 1929. Chaka chamawa, mwana wawo wamkazi Barbara adabadwa, nawonso adapita kumapazi a mayi.
Mwana wina Brettle Brecht, mwana wamwamuna Frank ndi wowonjezera. Adabadwa mu 1919 kuchokera ku Paula Basolzer, atsikana omwe Brecht anali wokonda chikondi.
Imfa
Malinga ndi kusokonezeka koipa kwa tsoka, atalandira chivomerezi choyembekezera, wolemba wakale komanso wosewera modzidzimutsa adayamba kutaya thanzi, adatsitsidwa kale m'zaka zosamuka. Cha masika a 1956, kugwira ntchito ya "Faileya ya Galileya" m'bwalo lake, adakumana ndi vuto la mtima. Atamulandira chifukwa cha malaise wamba, sanatembenukire kwa dokotala.
Mwamuna wina adapita kutchuthi kakang'ono ndipo adayamba kugwiranso ntchito, koma mu Ogasiti kukhala wosokonekera kwambiri. Madokotala adapeza chiwopsezo chachikulu cha mtima, chomwe chinali choyambitsa kufa kwake pa Ogasiti 14, 1956.
Mtsogoleri wa nthawi yomwe anaikidwa m'manda a Dorotenstk. Brecht amalowetsedwa kuti asatchule mabungwe ake ndi mawu. Palibe chithunzi, madeti ndi regiya pamalo a wolemba, awa ndi chida chovuta kwambiri chomwe dzina lake lokha limasemedwa. Chomwechonso chimodzimodzi pafupi - awa ndi manda a malo odzipereka a Elena vagel, omwe ngakhale atamwalira sanafune kugawana ndi luso lakelo.
Nchito
- 1928 - "Trigroshuva Opera"
- 1938 - "Mayi Kulimba Mtima ndi Ana Ake"
- 1939 - "Mantha ndi Kukhumudwa M'dziko lachitatu"
- 1939 - "Moyo wa Galileya"
- 1943 - "Munthu wabwino wochokera ku Seushana"
- 1944 - "Czungu
- 1954 - "Turandot"