Chiphunzitso
Masiku ano, kuchokera ku St. Petersburg kupita ku Moscow, apaulendo akugwidwa ndi cholinga, osati kutayika kwa maboma osavomerezeka. Sizinali zofunikira, Alexander Radishchev, yemwe adayika njira yodziwika bwino chifukwa cha buku lodziwika bwino, lomwe adavulala kwambiri. Wolemba anali wopulumuka padziko lonse lapansi komanso kukhululuka ndipo adadzakhala amodzi mwa ziwerengero zazikulu kwambiri zaku Russia.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishnchev adabadwa mu 1749, mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Elizabeth Petrobna. Makolo anali anthu olemera ndipo amakhala m'mudzi wa Ablyazonovo, wotchedwa dzina la agogo-agogo a wolemba. Mu 1952, malowo anali obwezeretsa Radishchevo.
Nikolay Afasastevich, omwe ali m'gulu la eletsovo pafupi ndi Kaluga, ndipo alipo ali mwana wamtsogolo wafilosofi anali pang'ono. Mayi wa Fekla Savovichna adachitika kuchokera ku mtundu wa Moscow olemekezeka a Argamakov. Banja linali lalikulu, lochezeka, lonyansa, laphokoso, 11 ana adabadwa mwa iwo. Iwo adatsogolera Moyo Wophukira Kwambiri, koma makolo adamvetsera maphunziro awo.
Wamng'ono Alexander, pa dzanja limodzi, wovalidwa ndi amalume a Peter Manmon, yemwe adauza mnyamatayo, ndipo adamphunzira mlendo wachifalansa kwa iye. Ali ndi zaka 7, mwanayo adatumizidwa ku Moscow ndipo adasiya amalume pa bolodi la amayi. Kunyumba ya Argamakov, yemwe adabwera kwa abale apamtima, wotsogolera ku Moscow Yunivesite, mnyamatayo anali ndi mwayi wopeza nzeru.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndi abale ndi alongo, adatenga maphunziro a pulofesa odziwika, ndipo Bunch Gutener adayamba kuleredwa kubanja la ana awo kukanja. Ophunzitsawo adayala maziko a wachinyamata ndi kufunitsitsa kutsutsa kupanda chilungamo.
Mu 1762, Katherine II, II, adatenga mpando wachifumu ndikutenga zaka 13 Alexander mu kuchuluka kwa phukusi. Anaphunzira m'masamba ndipo anatumikiranso ku Locelod ku phwando ndi zochitika zadziko. Moyo ku Khothi Lamtunda sunatchulidwe ndi malingaliro a ufulu, utumiki komanso wosagwirizana, anyamata ozindikira kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi opita patsogolo.
Mu 1766, Radishchev anabwera kwa anyamata osankhidwa osankhidwa omwe anali olemekezeka kupita kukaphunzirira ku Leipzig. Makona asanu ndi limodzi omwe adakhala zaka 5 ku Germany, kulandira maphunziro a m'manja mwalamulo ndikupeza malingaliro apamwamba a nthawi yowunikira.
Ophunzira adakhala osangalala, koma umbombo umakonda kudziwa za filosofi, sayansi yachilengedwe, mabuku ndi mbiri. Radish, pambali pake, pafupifupi adalandira diploma yachipatala. Kubwerera ku Russia mu 1771, achinyamata anali olidi odzadikira kuti atumikire Balo ndi malingaliro apamwamba.
Malembo
Ntchito yolemba ya Radishchev idayamba kuphunzira ku Leipzig. Anayamba ndi matembenuzidwe a ntchito zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizofunika kuchokera ku malingaliro ochezera komanso afilosofi. Ku St. Petersburg, mnyamatayo akumana ndi ofalitsa a Nikolai Novikov komanso amafalitsa magazini ".
Nkhaniyi imakhala yopanda tanthauzo la wolemba ndipo amafotokoza za ulendowu. Apa wolemba amajambula chithunzi chosatheka cha m'mudzi waku Russia, oyimitsa akapolo a calress. Zofalitsazo zidapangitsa kuti zikuluzikulu komanso zonyoza "pamwamba." Komabe, radishchev akupitiliza kulemba, kuphatikizapo kumasulira, komabe, kumakumaliza ndi malingaliro awo.
Buku loyambirira losindikizidwa lina kuti Alexander Nikolaevich limatulutsa momveka bwino. Uwu ndi "moyo wa FYodor Vasalyevich Ushakov ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ena mwa zolemba zake", zofalitsidwa mu 1789. Bukulo limaperekedwa ku Comrade wamkulu wa Leipzig, yemwe anali kudzoza kwa gulu lawo la ophunzira. Bukuli lidachita bwino, adakambidwa, kuzindikira, kuopsa kumaonekera.
"Pitani ku St. Petersburg kupita ku Moscow" idalembedwa chaka chimodzi. Maganizo a wolemba adasandulika, chidziwitsocho chidakwezedwa, chomwe chidapangitsa mwachindunji malembawo komanso mawonekedwe ake. Mu 1789, Radishchev Ass kuti apereke zolemba pamanja. Zokwanira mokwanira, kupatula ntchito yoopsa, atamuvomereza iye pa kalozera wamba ndipo osavutitsa kuti athetse zomwe zili.
Komabe, ofesi yomwe idaperekedwa kuti afotokoze bukulo, ndiye kuti wolemba mothandizidwa ndi abwenzi adakonza zonena zakunyumba. Kumeneko mu 1790 kumasindikizidwa makope 600 a bukulo ndipo gawo linagulitsidwa kuti ligulitsidwe. Maximuwa oyamba amamwazikana nthawi yomweyo, ndipo "ulendo" unayamba kufunidwa. Phokoso lonena kuti linatsogolera kuti bukulo liperekedwa ku Heress. Luka Werengani bukuli, kuwunikiranso makamaka mawu oyipitsitsa. Pambuyo pa bizinesi yokweza, kufalikira kwathunthu ndikuwotchedwa.
Bukuli lomwe limadziwika ndi Cramoletetete adayambitsa nthawi yayitali, ndi nthawi, adadzudzulidwa kuchokera ku malingaliro a luso laukadaulo. Makamaka, Alexander Puskin adazindikira kuti adapita ndi Zheminna, ndipo mavutowo adawuzidwa, ndipo adafotokoza bukulo monga "ntchito yodziwika kwambiri, osanenapo syllable."
Mu ulalo wa radishchev anapitilizabe kuchita zaluso. Pamalangizo "pa munthu, kufa kwake ndi kusakhoza kwake, wolembayo amasungulumwa pamavuto ndipo amatanthauza nzeru. Wolemba amawona kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe cha anthu, umodzi wa mzimu ndi thupi, kutsindika udindo waukulu wamalingaliro. M'zaka zaposachedwa za moyo, bambo amatenga ndakatulo. Ndakatulo yatsopano ndi ndakatulo ya Bova "Bova" adaonjezera zomwe zidalembedwa kale ndi "kumasulidwa".
Ntchito zachitukuko ndi ulalo
Chisanachitike chifukwa cha bukuli "Pitani kuchokera ku St. Petersburg kupita ku Moscow kupita ku Moscow", Radishchev adakhala mkulu ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kwa zaka zingapo, bambo wina amagwira ntchito pa dipatimenti ya zamalonda ndi mafakitale, kenako nkusamukira ku miyambo 10 adafika kumutu wa wamkulu.
Komabe, pa Juni 30, 1790, inamalizidwa ndi phokoso la Catherine II Alexander Nikolayvevich kumangidwa, pomaliza Petro ndi Paul Forress.
Radish Sadakana kulakwa kwake, koma adadabwa atamva kuti wawopsezedwa ndi mlandu wakupha. Wolemba adayimbidwa mlandu wokhala ndi chiweto, mkhalidwe wa Boma ndi wogonayo "Woipa Pugacheva". Munthuyo anaimbidwa mlandu wakuti "ayesedwe pa thanzi labwino." Kuchokera ku chilango cha kuphedwa kwa radishchev, lingaliro lapadera la kudzudzula kumene lidapulumutsidwa, lomwe lidakhazikika ndikusinthidwa chilango potchula za Siberia. Mkhalapakati wa anthu adatumizidwa mu Seputembara 1790 kupita ku Iimsk Irkutsk dera.
Moyo Wanu
M'moyo wa Alexander Radishchev panali azimayi awiri. Ndi mkazi woyamba, adadziwitsa mnzake pa yunivesite ya Leipzig Andrei Rubanovsky, yemwe Anna Rutanovskaya adayenera kukhala wachibale. Alexander ndi Anna anakwatirana mu 1775, ndipo woyamba kubadwa wa mouma anawonekera patatha chaka chimodzi. Onsewa, banjali lidabadwa ana asanu ndi mmodzi, koma atsikana awiri adamwalira kuyambira ali wakhanda.
Mwachidule, Nikolai, Ekatari ndi Paul adataya mayi wawo mu 1783. Mayiyo anamwalira ali ndi zaka 31, kuwotcha mwana wamwamuna wamng'ono.
Ana adapitilirabe kusamalira Mlongo Anna Vasalvevna - Elizabeth Rubanovskaya. Zomwe zidapita nawe, ndikatsatiridwa ndi radishchev mu ulalo. Malinga ndi ma Canoni a tchalitchi, ukwati ndi mkazi wake amawoneka wosavomerezeka komanso wofanana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, makamaka mgwirizanowu sunalembetsedwe. Ku Ilimsk, Rabishchev ndi Elizabeth Vasailevna adabadwa ana oposa atatu: Anna, Fekla ndi Athasasius.
Mu 1797, a Alexander Nikolaevich anali wamasiye nthawi yachiwiri: atandichitikira umboni, mkazi wake wamwalira, sanabwererenso ku Petersburg kuchokera pamalo omwe akutchulidwa. Chosangalatsa Chosangalatsa titha kuganiziridwa kuti bambo a Radishcheva adakana kuvomereza adzukulu achichepere, akuwatcha kuti owonjezerawa. Munthu wokalambayo analemekeza tchalitchi cha tchalitchi ndipo amakonda kuti mwanawa akwatire, m'malo mongokhala chete.
Zaka zatha ndi Imfa
Renation radishchev inatha kale kuposa nthawi yomwe yasankhidwa. Mu 1796, Paulo ndidakwera mu mpandowachifumuwo ndipo m'mbiri ya mayi amasula wolemba wa Eocrist. Anasamukira ku kuchoka kwa abambo a Nemtsovo, komanso kuthokoza kwathunthu ndikubwezeretsanso ufulu kulandira pansi pa Alexander I mu 1801. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, radishchev amakhala ku St. Petersburg, pomwe akupanga malamulo pantchito yapadera.
Alexander Nikolaevich anamwalira pa Seputembara 12, 1802, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimachitika pazomwe zimayambitsa kufa. Iwo anati bambo wina wazaka 53 anadzipha, kumwa poizoni. Komabe, sizikugwirizana ndi kuti anali kuyendayenda ndikuikidwa m'manda ampingo wa Volkovsky manda, omwe amadzipha amalandidwa ku Orthodox Canon. Chikalata chovomerezeka chimapereka kuti chifukwa cha imfa yakhala char.
Mawu
"Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikika chamunthu ... ndipo anthu ali nawo ali ndi ulemu." "Pokhapokha mudzakhala munthu mukamaphunzira kuona munthu wina." "Palibe chomwe chiri Nthawi zambiri, palibe chomwe chimakhala ngati chathu, koma chomwechi, palibe chodabwitsa, zodabwitsa kwambiri. "" "" Zabwino kwambiri. "M'bali
- 1772 - "Kuyenda Bwino Kwambiri mu *** ndi *** t ***"
- 1773 - "Officer olimbitsa thupi"
- 1783 - "Willy"
- 1789 - "Moyo wa Fhodor Vasalyevich Ushakov ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ena mwa zolemba zake"
- 1790 - "Kalata kwa bwenzi, wokhala ku Tobolk, pa ngongole ya mutu wake"
- 1790 - "Pitani kuchokera ku St. Petersburg kupita ku Moscow"
- 1790 - "Kulankhulana Koti Kumeneko kuli Mwana wa Kumiyala"
- 1792 - "Kalata yokhudza Kubisala China"
- 1792 - "Zokhudza munthu, Imfa Yake ndi Moyo Wake"
- 1799 - "Bova"
- 1801 - "Ndakatulo"