Mbiri Yodziwika
Bertolt Brecht ndi Wolemba wina chapadera cha m'ma 20. Iye analemba ntchito ufulu umene kenako analandira chimake pa siteji ed. Khalani ndi theorist, Brecht anayamba lingaliro, likulu umene unali epic zisudzo. Malinga Wolemba wina, ndi zisudzo ayenera ukufalitsidwa, osati muzione, pempho malingaliro, osati mmene anthu. Lonjezo iri izo anawonetseredwa mu masewero amene anakhala tingachipeze powerenga za dramaturgy dziko: "Good munthu kuchokera Seushana," "Waal", "Bambo Puntila ndi mtumiki wake", "Pitani wa mayi wokalamba".
Director Brechtu wa lingaliro la "Mmene Kusinthanitsa", zokhudza chilengedwe cha mpanda pakati pa wowerenga ndi wosewera, lomwe zochita limakhala khalidwe wowoneka bwino. Mlembi wa chiphunzitso akufuna kupereka pagulu mitundu zosayembekezeka ndi kufotokoza zochitika sizimadziwika, n'zothandiza ntchito nzeru, maonekedwe a udindo komanso mphamvu maganizo mawunikidwe. Iye anasiyanitsa chifundo ichi chakale, zikamera wa zomwe wowerenga, malinga ndi upamwamba, ndi cholinga chachikulu kusonyeza ntchito. Buku "Chiphunzitsochi wa yadzaoneni Theatre" limafotokoza maganizo a Brecht pa izi.
Mbiri Yolengedwa
sewerolo "Mamash Kulimbika ndi ana ake" linalembedwa ndi Brecht mu 1939, pa pakhomo la nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. The kuyamba wa sewerolo unachitika mu 1941 ku Zurich. Ndiye mawuwo bungwe ndi woyambitsa maziko mabuku pa siteji ya "Berliner wa gulu loyimba" zidalengedwa mwa iye. mfundo za zisudzo epic, analalikira monga njira ina m'malo zapamwamba, anali kulengedwanso mu ntchito. Wokonzanso ndi chosintha, Brecht anazindikira luso ed ngati njira mapangidwe kalasi kutsitsimuka.
The kusewera "Mamash Mtima" anafotokoza zochitika za nthawi ya sate-chaka nkhondo, zimene zinachitika m'zaka 17. Wolemba wina wa ntchito zochitika wotchuka kulenga chiwembu kuchenjeza wowerenga ku kubwereza kwa mafuko wamagazi. Poganizira kuti kukhala chete ndi kukhulupirika okhudza malamulo a mphamvu ano ndi "zazing'ono" munthu "Little", Brecht pa kulimbikitsa Asitoiki malo boma, mutengere kuyiwala za mphwayi kusiya MASOKA chikhalidwe.
Waukulu akuchita nkhope ya sewerolo anali mkazi wotchedwa Anna Firding. The marchtatant analitcha Amayi Mama Kulimbika ndipo anadutsa njira asilikali galimoto, ndi wodzala ndi katundu wofunikira. kampani lidalengedwa ndi ana: ana awiri ndi mwana wosalankhula. Brecht anapereka chithunzi yaikazi kiyi mosayembekezereka. Anna anachita munthu wolemera kuyesa ubwino nkhondo. Kwa iye, azivutika, njala ndi umphawi sanali wofunika. Chirichonse chimene iye akhadzudzumika ndi mwayi wosonyeza.
Ndale za sewerolo amakhudza yaitali zaka 12, imene moyo wa khalidwe lalikulu ili mosasintha anasintha. nkhondo anatenga ana, iye anagwa, anasintha kunja, koma sanataye changu chawo chakale. Iye kulemekeza nkhondo pakupereka zake chidutswa cha mkate, mayi waana wamkulu wowoneka bwino mtima popanda thandizo lililonse ipitirirabe galimoto lake ndi katundu.
Brecht tcheru kuti kukuphunzitsani mozama fanizo la heroine chachikulu. Zabwino zithunzi wamkazi chimawalitsika ndi umayi ndi chimwemwe cha moyo ndi yosemphana ndi mtsempha malonda, makamaka monyoza kuyang'ana mu nkhondo. The mbali yaikulu ankakambirana otsutsa ndi mbiri yakale luso monga chinthu chatsopano mabuku German ndipo sewero. Kudzera khalidwe, Brecht ankatanthauza kuti omvera lingaliro la luntha, kusiya tsoka la heroine mu manja ake.
Otsutsa amanyoza Wolemba wina polenga fano osokoneza anamanga pa amajambulapo maluwa okongola bwino. Kuyesera kuti apulumuke likuvutika nkhondo, Mama Kurazh kumabweretsa nsembe yake ya ana.
"Momash Kulimbika ndi ana ake" - ntchito imene wakhala chitsanzo chakale ano dramaturgy. Nthawi zambiri ndi kuika mwa atsogoleri omwe amalimbikitsa ndondomeko chosintha, amene sali owopa kutsutsa boma ndi ed malamulo. Wotchuka yoimba ndi udindo akazi waukulu mu zisudzo pa maziko zolembalemba anali Elena Waygel, mkazi wa Bertolt Brecht. The kusewera anali mu ankafuna ku Russia mu nthawi pambuyo nkhondo ndi zambiri anaonekera repertoire choonetsedwa mu Soviet Union.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu Moscow, Nikolai Okhlopkov, amene ankagwira ntchito pa Moscow Theatre dzina la Mayakovsky anaganiza kuchita ntchito ya Brecht. Mu 1960, kuyamba wa sewerolo zinachitika, udindo waukulu umene Judith Glizer chitachitidwa. ntchito ankatchedwa coarse ndi nkhawa zomwe chinachitikira pamodzi poetics ntchito za Wolemba wina German.
Ambiri mwa masewero pa sewerolo anali odzazidwa ndi Mzimu wa chibadidwe ndi wolemba. Iwo anali wamng'ono vumbulutso, foni ndi anadzudzula. Inali ntchito ntchito Mark Zakharov mu Moscow Theatre wa Satira, kumene Tatiana Peltzer analankhula mu chifanizo cha Mamashi.
otsogolera zamakono nthawi zambiri amapita ku ntchito ya Brecht. Mwa alimi wotchuka amene ankagwira ntchito pa thupi pa sewerolo, amene anakhala chitsanzo omveka a zisudzo epic wa Brecht: Alexander Morphov, Yuri Butusov ndi Valery Fokin.
Puloti
Zomwe zikuchitika m'ntchito zikuchitika mu nkhondo ya zaka 30, pomwe Germany idakumana ndi nthawi yayitali kuti achititse manyazi, adatsogolera ku Nationaltor. Mu 1642, gulu lankhondo linasonkhanitsidwa, lomwe linatumizidwa ndi kuwukira kwa Poland. Olembanso omwe wolemba amalengeza kuti wolemba akuimira omvera omwe akutchulidwa. Khazikani mtima, pamodzi ndi ana, kuyendayenda m'misewu, kugulitsa skarkb yosavuta. Wina mwa anzathu atsopano amakopa Mwanayo kuti alowe gulu lankhondo, ndipo mnyamatayo wotchedwa Eilf asiya galimoto ya Markttika.
Kukumana ndi munthu ndi banja kuchitika patapita zaka ziwiri. Kulimba mtima kwa mwana wakhanda komanso kumanyadira maudindo ankhondo, omwe amatsagana ndi magazi ndi ankhanza. Patatha zaka zitatu, mwana wamwamuna wachiwiri wa Matami alimirebe cholimba kumakhala msungichuma ku Finland, ndipo adapeza ntchito yabwino ndi iye. Mu imodzi mwa ziwonetsero za Akatolika, kubwera ku nthaka, pomwe gulu lidayimilira, kulimba mtima kwa Lutera kudzakhala mu galimoto yake, kuteteza chuma chake kwa mdani.
Mwana wake wachiwiri wa Schwearterkas amatenga makatolika ogwidwa. Kupulumutsa mwana, kulimba mtima kumakhala kokonzeka kupereka kuphedwa kwa gululi, koma ndiotayika mozama: msirikali adayiponya mumtsinje, pomwe adawona kuthamangitsa. Mtolankhani wa ku Swiss waphedwa, ndipo kulimba mtima kumatumizidwanso kumbali ku Europe. Pambuyo pazaka zingapo, mfumu ya ku Sweden idaphedwa pansi pa chiwauni, ndipo kwakanthawi, sitimayo idalamulira. Ngakhale kuti zinthu zinayamba kuchepa, kulimba mtima ndi chisangalalo kuti sanataye ana ena.
Dziko limabweretsa mabanja ake kusavutika kuposa nkhondo. Zolakwika zakale za mwana wa Eilifa m'masiku abwino adawonedwa ngati mlandu, ndipo posachedwapa adayambitsa kuwombera. Nkhondo imayambanso. Kulimba mtima, chifukwa cha kufa kwa Mwana wachiwiri, kumapititsa patsogolo ulendowu mu galimoto yakale yoyenda.
Pambuyo pa zaka 16, nkhondo yathetsa chuma chilichonse komanso zinthu za anthu. Kulimba mtima ndi kuphika, satellite, Nkhunda. Mwadzidzidzi apongozi awo a Mamashi amabwera kalata yoti anali ndi cholowa cha malo odyera. Ngwazi imayitana mkaziyo ndi iye, koma ndi mkhalidwe womwe adzasiya mwana wamkazi. Kulimba mtima kukukana ndi mwana wake wamkazi Katrin amayenda ku Germany kunkhondo. Pamalo amodzi oyimilira a Catherine, kugonjera dongosolo la adani, mosasamala kumadzetsa mantha, ndipo amaphedwa. Kulimba mtima kwa Mama kumayambanso panjira.