Chiphunzitso
Erther Rutherford ndiwofufuzira yemwe adapanga maziko ndi zokhazikika za yansi yanyukiliya. Kafukufuku wa wasayansi adakhazikika m'malo mwa kapangidwe ka atomu ndi mawonekedwe a zinthu zina zobowonera. Anagwira ntchito yopanga chiphunzitsocho padeti ya ma atomu ndi ma elekitoni ozungulira. Mapeto ake adathandizidwa kuti apange mtundu wa ma atomu a atomu, omwe adatsegulidwa kwambiri m'ma 1900. Katswiriyu nawonso anaphunziranso zisudzo za ma radiaction radio.Mu 1908, Rutherford anasangalala ndi mphotho ya Nobel kuti isinthe zinthu za zinthu ndi kuwerenga zinthu za radio. Kuyambira 1925 mpaka 1930 adakwaniritsa udindo wa Purezidenti wa ku London Royal Society.
Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Ernest adabadwira ku New Zealand, kasupe Hrup, pafupi ndi mzinda wa Nelson pa Ogasiti 30, 1871 ndipo anali aku Britain ndi fuko. Abambo, Scomeman pochokera, adapeza ndi zojambula za gudumu, ndipo amayi ake amaphunzitsa kumidzi. Mwanayo adakula m'banja lalikulu ndi abale 6 ndi alongo asanu.
Kuntchito koyamba kwa iye kunali Mbizinesi yamatanda, yochokera kwa Atate. Wasayansi wamtsogolo adalandira ubwana ndi maluso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mtsogolo kupanga zida zofunika poyeserera.
Ernest adaphunzira ku Havulok, ndipo mu 1887 adalandira maphunziro, omwe adaloledwa kupitiriza maphunziro awo ku Nelson. Mnyamatayo anasonyeza kulakalaka kwakukulu kofuna kudziwa komanso kuchita chidwi ndi chilichonse chomuzungulira. Adalowa ku College Canterbury ndipo adayamba kusamala mu chemistry ndi fizikisi. Amayamikiridwa mwachangu zomwe wophunzirayo adatha. Pambuyo 4 zaka, rostford adalandira ntchito yabwino kwambiri pa masamu ndi sayansi. Mu 1892, Ernest adakhala bwana waluso ndipo adachita kafukufuku, kuwalimbikitsanso poyesera.
Ntchito yake yoyamba imatchedwa "mafano amakono achitsulo omwe amapeza pafupipafupi." Kuyesera kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuphunzira mafunde apamwamba kwambiri. Wasayansi adapanga wailesi, patsogolo pa Mrni wa boma lake. Chipangizo chosungira chinakhala chojambulidwa koyamba padziko lonse lapansi.
Ndi thandizo lake, Ernest adalandira zizindikiro zomwe anzawo adasamutsidwa ali mu theka la lita. Adafotokoza za zomwe talandira munkhani yasayansi ya nyuzipepala ya "News of Phisfirofical Institution of New Zealand" mu 1894.
Mu 1895, Rutherford adalandira mphotho yapamwamba kwambiri: perekani maphunziro ku UK. Mwayi wotere udaponyera mitu ya English-English. Ernest adakhala pakati pa anthu awiri omwe adayenera kupanga, ndipo anali ndi mwayi: wotsutsa sanathe kuyenda. Katswiriyu anapezerapo mwayi pa mwayiwu ndipo anagwira ntchito ya Cavendyshevskavska mu labotale ku England.
Ntchito Yasayansi
Mbiri ya Rutherford inali njira yabwino. Kukhala sayansi yakale ya John Thomson, yemwe anali ndi ulamuliro pa gulu lasayansi, adapeza woyang'anira. A Thomson adagwirizana naye kuti aphunzire ma iyonization a mipweya yomwe ili m'manja mwa X-ray.
Pofika mu 1898, Rutherford adatengedwa ndi zomwe amapanga, kuwerenga "ku Bonal of Briquil". Chotchedwa Uranium radiotion radiation. Ernest adazindikira kuti zimakwaniritsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi tiat tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala. Kafukufuku wofanana wa Edre Pierre ndi Maria curie.
Okwatirana adalemba ntchito, yomwe idafotokoza mu 1898 ndi Paris Sukulu ya sayansi. Anakopa chidwi cha rostford lingaliro la kukhalapo kwa zinthu zingapo za ma yiko. Ernest adaganiza zokhudza theka la moyo, zomwe zimafotokoza bwino zinthu zomwe, ndipo adakhala purodusa wamkulu wa moyo.
Mu 1898, ataphunzira kuti udindo wa Profesor Mactulle University unali wa Canalle ku Canada, Rutherford adasamukira kumalo atsopano. Chifukwa chake adachoka ku nkhope ya Tomson. Popanda chidziwitso cha Propegical, Ernec Cowan adawonetsa luso lofooka pophunzitsa. Koma asayansi osinthana ayamba kudziwana atsopano, ndipo abwenzi ake, anthu ofananira anali okonzeka kutenga nawo mbali pa kafukufuku wa sayansi.
Mgwirizano ndi Frederick So Sody wololedwa mu 1902-1903 kukhazikitsa lamulo lokhudza kusintha kwa radioantandauct. Likuti kuti nthawi yowola siyimangoyambitsa zinthu zina ndipo sizingatheke kapena kuzimitsidwa. Anzake apanga ndi malamulo a kusintha. Pambuyo pake, izi zidawonetsa Dmitry Mendeleev mothandizidwa ndi nthawi yoyembekezera. Zinapezeka kuti mankhwala a mankhwalawa amadalira pamndandanda wa atomu yake.
Erther Rutherford adatulutsa ntchito 2 asayansi: "Mwayilesi", adatulutsidwa mu 1904th, ndi "kusintha kwazizombo" za 1905. Katswiriyu adaganiza kuti ma atomu ndi gwero la ma radiation, ndikupitilizabe kuphunzira chipangizo cha kernel. Adayesa zoyesera pa chitoliro cha golide tinthu tambiri, ndikudabwa kwambiri maluwa ndi machitidwe awo.
Wasayansi woyamba kuyika patsogolo lingaliro la kapangidwe ka atomu. Rutherford adaganiza kuti atomu imafanana ndi kutsika kwa mtengo wathunthu, ndipo mkati mwake ndi ma elekitoni olakwika. Wasayansi adanena kuti, kusunthidwa mothandizidwa ndi magulu a Colofondb, ma elekitirolo akuyesera kulowa pakatikati pa atomu, ndipo posiya ndalama, kusinthasintha ndi ma radiation pangani oscillations.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana idafotokoza kukhalapo kwa spectra yotulutsa, yomwe dziko lidadziwa kale. Kuyesera kwatilola kumvetsetsa kuti ma atomu olimba ndi ofanana ndi kumbuyo pakati pawo. Wofufuzayo adakhulupirira kuti kernelyo idapezeka pakatikati ndikunyamula unyinji wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo ma elekitironi amayenda nthawi zonse kuzungulira. Chifukwa chake adapanga mapulaneti achitsanzo cha atomu.
Ertherford anali wotsimikizika, koma mikangano inaleka za kupatsidwa chiweruziro. Mtundu wake sunagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi malamulo a Electontroynamics, omwe adachotsedwa ndi James Maxwell ndi Michael Faraday. Anatsimikizira kuti mlandu wothamanga umataya mphamvu chifukwa cha radiation radiation ya electromagnetic, motero Rutherford anapitiliza kufufuza.
Mu 1907, wasayansi anasamukira ku Manchester. Apa adadziwika kale chifukwa cha zomwe mwakwanitsa. Rutherford ndi malo oyipa padziko lonse lapansi, koma amakonda ku Yunivesite ya Victoria, komwe adayambiranso ntchito. Mu 1908, molumikizana ndi Hans Heiger, adapanga zigawo za alpha.
Kuyambira mu 19126, Rutherford anali kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi Nielfol Borov, yemwe adabwera ndi chiphunzitso cha ntunca, kuchitira umboni pamaso pa ma atomu. Malinga ndi malingaliro a asayansi, ma elekitoni amayenda mozungulira kernel. Mtundu wa olemba wa Rutherford ndi olemba a Bora anali kupulumutsidwa mu sayansi ndikukakamizidwa kubwereza malingaliro okhazikika pazinthu zomwe zimachitika. Mu 1919, Rutherford adakhala pulofesa ku yunivesite ya Cambridge ndipo adatsogolera ku Cavendshevskavsyaya labotale. Kalata yake idabwezeredwanso, kuchuluka kwa ophunzira kudakulirakulira, komanso mndandanda wa mphoto zomwe asidisipoti alemekezedwa.
Mu 1914, Rutherford adakhala wolemekezeka, ndipo mu 1931 adalandira mutu wa Baroni ndikukhala Ambuye. Munthawi imeneyi, adagwira ntchito yoyesera kugawa kwa nyukiliya za atomu ndi kusinthika kwa zinthu za mankhwala. Mu 1920, katswiri wasayansi adakhala woyamba kunena za Deuteron ndi Neutron, ndipo mu 1933 adayamba kuchita nawo zoyeserera pa kafukufuku wa misa ndi mphamvu.
Moyo Wanu
Erther Rutherford anali wokondwa m'moyo wanu, kukwatiwa ndi Mary Georgia Newton, nyumba yanyumba yokweramo ku Christchurch, komwe katswiri wachita adakampaniyo adakhalako. Ubale wa okwatirana kutsutsana ndi mayeso a nthawi: zaka 5 zadutsa pakati pa ukwati ndi ukwati. Mariya adakwatirana ndi Ernest mu 1895, pomwe adatchuka kale mu anthu asayansi. Mu 1901, mwana wamkazi yekhayo wa Eleylin Marilelin adawonekera.Imfa
Mwana wa wilimu, Ernest Rutherford adapereka gawo lalikulu pasayansi. Atakwanitsa kukhala zazitali, adayamba kukhala munthu woimira nthawi yake. Chifukwa chake, pamene zidapezeka kuti katswiriyu akudwala matenda a hembilical, adaganiza zomuchitira zambiri. Chosangalatsa chenicheni: Ntchito yofunikira inali yokonzeka kuphunzitsa dokotala wobatizidwayo, monga kutengera ulemu kwa eni ake ku Britain ".
Kusankha kwa dokotala sikunali kovuta, ndipo pofika nthawi yochita opareshoni, moyo wa Rutherford unali wotsutsa. Chomwe chimayambitsa kufa kwake chidatenga waya kuchokera kwa asing'anga. Erther Rutherford adamwalira pa Okutobala 19, 1937, kusiya dziko lapansi kupita kumalo ochezera sayansi ya sayansi.
Ofufuzawo anaika m'manda ku Westminster Abbey. Zithunzi zake lero zimakongoletsa tsamba la zolemba ndi makoma amitundu yaukadaulo ndi malo osungirako zinthu zakale padziko lapansi.
M'bali
- 1904 - "Mwayilesi"
- 1905 - "Matanthauzidwe a Radi"
- 1920 - "Kuphulika kwa maatomu ndi kuwonongeka kwa nayitrogeni"
- 1923 - "zipolopolo za atomiki ndi katundu wawo"
- 1923 - Kumanga atomu ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu "
- 1924 - "Pofunafuna Atomu"
- 1924 - atomu. Ma elekitoni. Ether "
- 1928 - "Hamic Nduli ndi Kusintha Kwawo"