Thambo ndi miyeso yambiri, ndipo imodzi mwazinthu zokongola kwambiri - zakuda, zomwe palibe amene adawonapo, koma asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ilipo. Chosavuta ichi chimadzaza 85% ya danga. Office Office of 24cmi adasonkhanitsa chidziwitso pa kafukufuku waposachedwa wa chinsinsi chachikulu padziko lapansi la Assopposysics.
Kodi vuto lakuda ndi lotani?
Nkhani yakuda mu zakuthambo imatchedwa kuphatikiza zinthu zosayerekezeka zakuthambo. Mtunduwu wa zinthu zachilengedwe sawonedwa, chifukwa sizigwirizana ndi zojambula zamagetsi. Zida zamakono sizinakhazikikebe rautanine kapena radiation electromagnetic. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa zakuthambo, kuphatikiza uku ndi kotala kwa mphamvu yakuthambo ndi kumadziwonekera polumikizana ndi zokoka - ndi zinthu kasanu.
Chofunika kwambiri, monga chinthu chilichonse, kutenga nawo mbali mogwirizana ndipo amasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu kumapeto kwakunja ndi mlalang'amba kapena milalang'amba. Matsenga ang'onoamba amakhulupirira kuti kapangidwe ka misa imeneyi kumaphatikizapo zambiri zomwe sizinapezeke padziko lapansi.
Vuto la misa yobisika
Zolemba zosavomerezeka pakuwerengera zinthu zomwe zili mlengalenga zimatchedwanso misa yobisika. Kukhalapo kwa zinthu zosaoneka sikunatsimikizidwe, koma ofufuza atsimikizira mawuwa. Azungu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapereka zotsatira zosiyana - zinthu zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha makina akumwamba amasinthana ndi zenizeni.Amadziwika kuti kudzikundikira nyenyezi kumazungulira m'chilengedwe chonse. Mukamawerengera anthu omwe adafufuzawo adapeza kuti zinthuzi ndizosavuta kuyenda ndi liwiro lalikulu kwambiri mlengalenga - carousel "iyi" itha kugwa. Ndipo akatswiri a zakuthambo adadziwitsa lingaliro la zobisika kuti kuchokera pakuwona chiphunzitsocho kuti afotokoze zolakwika mu maphunziro otsutsana. Chizindikiro cha malingaliro ndi chinthu cha malo "akanitse" chinthu chosawoneka ndi mphamvu yokoka, chokhala ndi tinthu tating'ono osadziwika.
Ntchito yotsimikizira kuti ilipo yamdima imatchedwa vuto la misa yobisika, yomwe ili ndi ma subparagraph awiri. Choyamba, anthu kwambiri, ndiko kuti, ndizosagwirizana ndi magulu a zinthu zomwe zimawonedwa kwazinthu zokhudzana ndi zida zoyeserera (kudzikundikira kwa milalang'amba), ndi magawo omwe amawonetsera zokopa. Vuto lachiwiri lokhalapo limatchedwa cosmalogical - izi ndi zotsutsana za zisonyezo zowoneka bwino zomwe zimadziwika molingana ndi magawo awo a nyenyezi zakuthambo.
Mbiri Yophunzira
Malingaliro oyamba onena za kukhalapo kwa zinthu zosaoneka mu 1906, Henri Poarese, pomwe adapanga malingaliro a Ambuye Kelvin powunikira nyenyezi, ndikuganizira kukula kwa miyeso ya zinthu. Wotsatira wake kuchokera ku Estonia Enrnst In Epic adafika kumapeto kuti palibe misa yobisika, kapena kuchuluka kwake sikukula kwake. Pambuyo pake, wofufuza Dutch Jacobus Kartein adatsogolera malingaliro okhudza kupezeka kwa vuto lakuda lomwe likugwirizana ndi nyenyezi. Wasayansi adagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa.
Mu 1930s, Fritz Zwickki adafufuza kunenepa kwa tsitsi la veronica ndikuwonetsa gulu lalikulu la milalang'amba kumeneko. Panthawi yomwe asayansiwo, akatswiri asayansiwo Switwere adaona kuti tsango lowoneka ndilocheperapo. Zomwezi zimapangitsa American Sinclair Smith pophunzira kuwunja kwa namwali. Anawerengera gawo limodzi la gawo limodzi la gulu la galamay ndipo adazindikira kuti zinali zofanana ndi 2⋅1011 unyinji wa dzuwa. Chodabwitsachi adafotokozeranso za kupezeka kwa malo mu tsango.
Asayansi adakhulupirira kuti chisokonezo pakuthamanga kwa makina owonetsera a Medisterllar Gasi ndi fumbi limawonetsa kukhalapo kwa chinthu chosaoneka. Pa nthawi yotsegula Zwick ndi Smith, mdera wa zakuthambo anali wokayikira masitepewo, chifukwa malingaliro okhudza kukhalapo kwa malo osaonekayo anali osaganiziridwa mozama.
Kukhulupirika kwa chiphunzitso cha zinthu zosaoneka, osankhidwa ndi wofufuza Switzerland, adatsimikiza vera ruin patatha zaka 40. Wofufuzayo adalandira zisonyezo za kuthamanga kwa galaxy m 31 mlalang'amba wa mlalang'ambawu. Zailesi zingawululidwe ndi ma radio kapena wailesi yayilesi.
Nthawi yomweyo, Jan Enoso adapempha kupezeka kwa Halo zakuda. Ichi ndi gawo lochititsa chidwi lomwe limafikira kunja kwa gawo lowoneka la nyenyezi. Unyinji wa halo ndiye gawo lalikulu la miyala ya mlalang'ambawu. Izi sizingawonedwe mwachindunji. Astropysics amapeza halo pazinthu zamafuta ndi nyenyezi mu milalang'amba.
Kodi vuto lakuda ndi lotani?
Kuphatikizidwa kwa asayansi a cosmic sikunaphunzire. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amakhulupirira kuti chinthu chachikulu, chomwe chimachokera kumdima, - kupukuta. Unyinji wa tinthu totere ndi nthawi khumi kuposa ma protoni. Chomwe chimakhala chokhacho chomwe chimakhala chokhacho - chizikhala ndi lamulo la mphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi.Angamnoms a zakuthambo akufuna "Ofunsira" ndi udindo wa opusa. Moreceretically, chinthucho chimaphatikizapo axions - hythethethetly tinthu tating'onoting'ono, neutrinos komanso zolemera - zimaperekedwa ndi misa yaying'ono, koma kuchuluka kwawo kumakhudzanso mphamvu za danga. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti neutrinos m'chilengedwe chonse monga zithunzi. Kukhalapo kwa tinthuwa mu chilengedwe chilengedwe kwatsimikizira.
Mu 2020, akatswiri aku University of York adapereka "woyenera kulandira" woyenera kumbali ya opusa - HXAKAVBROV. Tinthu tosiyanasiyana timalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndikukhala ngati atomu yayikulu. Ofufuza ku Britain amakhulupirira kuti Hexakvarka adapanga zinthu pambuyo pophulika kwakukulu.
Kufunafuna
Asayansi akuyang'ana chinthu chosawoneka m'mlengalenga komanso padziko lapansi. Pambuyo poyesa zingapo, ofufuzawo adanenanso kuti siginecha ya chinthucho chitha kukhala milala ya x-ray ya milalang'amba. Komanso, ma X-ray amagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka, zomwe zimawoneka pafupi ndi nyenyezi za Neotron, kapena zikuwoneka bwino m'madera awa.
Mu 2020, asayansi a yunivesite ya Chicago adapereka zida zotheka kugwira chizindikiro cha axion ndi chobisika. Ofufuzawo akukhulupirira kuti matebulo awalimbikitsira kuwerenga kwa zinthu zakunja.
Mphamvu yakuda
Chiwerengero cha anthu wamba a zinthu wamba komanso zakuda. Mu mphamvu ya chilengedwe chonse, 5% imakhala ndi chinthu cha Baryon - zinthu zomwe nyenyezi ndi mapulaneti zili, kuphatikizapo dziko lapansi, komanso 25% ya nkhani yakuda. Otsala 70% otsala omwe amatsutsana ndi mphamvu yokoka. Izi ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa mphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imayambitsa kukula kwa chilengedwe kuyambira kuphulika kwakukulu.Chizindikiro chofiyira chimafunikira ndi asayansi kuwerengera liwiro ndikuchotsa milalang'amba. Poyamba, ofufuzawo adalandira chitsanzo cha chilengedwe chonse, malinga ndi momwe kutukuka kumadenderera. Komabe, kupezeka kwa mphamvu zakuda kwasintha ulalikiwu. Mu 1998, azimayi asodzi akadawona kuti magulu a nyenyezi samachepetsa nthawi, koma amangothamangitsa mayendedwe - mphamvu ina yomwe idathandizira kuti, "zotupa". Mwachidziwikire, mothandizidwa ndi lingaliro lonena za kukhalapo kwa mphamvu zakuda m'chilengedwe chonse, mutha kuthana ndi vuto la misa yobisika.
Nyenyezi zakuda
Matsenga Aopysysics anayambitsa malingaliro omwe ali nyenyezi amdima omwe anali ndi nkhani yakuda kuyambira pa chiyambi cha chilengedwe chonse. Zinthu zimayimiriridwa ngati mitambo ya haidrojeni ndi helium yokhala ndi mainchesi 4 mpaka 2000 zakuthambo. Ma radiation a nyenyezi izi sangathe kukhazikika chifukwa kutentha kotsika. Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zamtunduwu zasungidwa masiku athu ano ndipo ndizotheka kuziwona pogwiritsa ntchito radiation ya gamma. Asayansi samasiyira nyenyezi zakuda kuti zimalakwitsa mitambo yachilendo kwa hydrogen.
Wogwira ntchito ku Walmousec Laboratory George Cheeplin adanena kuti pali nyenyezi zamdima. Zinthu izi zimafufuzanso njira ina ya mabowo akuda. Malinga ndi CPELALIN hypothesis, zomwe zimachitika zomwe zimadutsa m'tsogolo ndipo zimasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu ya vacuum. Maunguamwaity amazimiririka kuchokera ku mwambowu, chifukwa danga lomwe limatsalirapo likulimbana ndi mphamvu yokoka. Penyani lingaliro lokhudza mabowo amdima ndikunena kuti kulibe.
Mapa Zamavuto Amdima
Mu 2021, asayansi apanga khadi yatsatanetsatane yogawa za vuto lamdima m'malo lero. Zotsatira zake zinali zomverera kudziko lapansi za sayansi ya sayansi ndi zakuthambo. Kutengera maphunziro, asayansi adaganiza kuti mankhwalawa amagawidwa mochuluka kuposa momwe amayenera kuwerengera za Albert Einstein. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti katswiri wamkulu anali wolakwika.
Pogwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga, lomwe limasanthula kuunikaku, komwe kunatulutsa mazana mamiliyoni a masitolo ndi fumbi, ndikuphunzira fomuyo kuti itambasule. Madera oyera ndi nkhani yakuda, pomwe pali kudziwika kwa anthu. Mawanga amdima - malo opanda kanthu, kapena kusangalala. Asayansi akuganiza kuti pali malamulo ena a sayansi. Ntchitoyi idatsimikizira kuti nkhaniyo imagawidwa imagawidwanso kuposa einstein yomwe imaganiziridwa, ndipo milalang'ambayo ndi ya diso losaoneka. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amati izi zisintha kumvetsetsa kwa danga.