Tari
Wani tsohon Heller na bakin ciki Euclidean ya zama farkon lissafi na makarantar Alexandria kuma marubucin ɗayan maganganun lissafi na asali. Game da tarihin wannan masanin ilimin kimiyya ya san cewa game da ayyukansa. Saboda haka, a cikin sanannen aikin "farkon" EUCCLIIIII ya bayyana ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, planiimetry, bangarorin ka'idar lambobin, sun kirkiro wani tushe don ci gaba na ƙarshe na ilimin lissafi.
An fara tarihin rayuwar Eucccawa a cikin 325 BC (wannan wata rana ce ta kusan, ainihin shekarar haihuwar ba a sani ba) a Alexandria. Wasu masu binciken suna ba da shawarar cewa an haifi lissafi na gaba a cikin wani dash, kuma an kashe yawancin rayuwar manya a Damascus. Wataƙila, Euclidean ya fito ne daga wani dangi mai arziki, yayin da ya yi karatu a makarantar Athenan na Airenan Aireniya (a wannan lokacin ana samun irin wannan ilimin ne kawai ga 'yan ƙasa masu arziki).
The masana kimiyya gudanar ya kafa da cewa marubucin "ya fara" ya matasa, fiye da sanannen mabiya Plato, da suka rayu da aiki a lokacin daga 427 zuwa 347th karni BC, amma mazan Archimedes, haife shi a 287 ya kuma rasu a 212 ga zamanin. Eucclid ya ba da labarin ra'ayin falsafa na Plato da kuma raba manyan kayayyakin.
Bayanin da ke sama game da halaye da rayuwar rayuwa na Eucclida an zana shi ta hanyar masu bincike daga cikin sharhin, Farkon ". Hakanan an san shi da maganganun titi da PAPP game da halayen tsohuwar tsohuwar Greek na bakin ciki. Stoves da aka zargin sun ce a martani ga tambayar dalibi game da fa'idodin na kimiyya, Euclight ya ba da umarnin bawa aan kuɗi kaɗan. Paparoma ya kuma bayyana cewa masanin kimiyya ya san yadda zan zama mai kyau da taushi tare da kowane mutumin da zai iya aƙalla yana da amfani ga ci gaban ilimin lissafi.
The kiyaye bayanai kan Euclidean yana da karami sosai da kuma rikice-rikicen da ya dace da yanayin "Euclide" game da dukkanin kungiyoyin masana haihuwa daga dumbin Istria. Eucclida Alexandrian rikice tare da Girka, dalibi na Socrates, wanda ya rayu a karni na 400 BC. A tsakiyar zamanai, Eucclida daga Mugu har ma an dauki marubucin "ya fara".
Ilmin lissafi
An gudanar da wani sashi na kyauta na Euclide a cikin laburaren Alexandride - haikalin ilimi, dangane da Ptelem. A cikin ganuwar wannan cibiyar, tsohuwar masanin kimiyyar Girka ya shiga ƙungiyar dokokin Asibitic, ka'idodin Lesometric da ka'idar m lambobin a Geometry. Sakamakon aikinsu Euccchid da aka bayyana a cikin littafin "farkon" - wani babban gudummawa, wanda ya kawo gudummawa mai girma ga ci gaban lissafi.
Littafin ya kunshi kundin goma sha biyar:
- A cikin littafin Ni, marubucin yayi Magana game da kaddarorin da ke tattare da daidaito na pytagora a lokacin da aka yi lissafin sigogin alwatuna.
- Littafin da aka yi a lamba II ya bayyana ka'idodi da kuma samfuran geometric algeble kuma ya koma cikin kayan ilimin da Pythagoreans ya tara shi.
- A cikin Littattafai III da III, Euclidean yana ɗaukar ilimin lissafi na da'irori, aka bayyana kuma rubutattun polygons. Yayin ƙirƙirar waɗannan kunɗan, marubucin zai iya amfani da ayyukan Hippocrat na Chios.
- A cikin littafin nan, tsohuwar lissafi ta Helenanci ta haifi gaba ɗaya ka'idar rabbai da aka kirkira ta littafin Eldox.
- A cikin kayan rikodin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, marubucin ya dagula ka'idodin gaba ɗaya na rabbai Euddox zuwa ka'idar irin waɗannan lambobi.
- Littattafai a ƙarƙashin lambobin VII-IX sun bayyana ka'idar lambobi. Lokacin rubuta waɗannan kundin, sake lissafin lissafi ya sake juyawa ga kayan da Pythagoreans, wakilan aikin da ke cikin aikin, wanda ke wakiltar aikin. A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, marubucin yayi maganar ci gaban geometric da haɓakawa, yana tabbatar da rashin iyaka na adadin lambobin yabo, yana gabatar da manufar nodes (mafi girman abu na gama gari). Algorithm don neman irin wannan mai rarrabawa a halin yanzu ana kiranta Euclide algorithm. Akwai zato cewa shi ne ba a rubuta littafin VIII ba, amma gine-ginen Tartan.
- Tom a lamba x shine mafi wahala da kuma kewaye da aiki a cikin "ya fara", wanda ya ƙunshi rarrabuwa da rashin daidaito. Marubucin wannan littafin shima irin abin da ba a sani ba ne: Ecultidedan kansa da sittin da kansa da kuma satar Atina.
- A shafukan da Xi littafin Xi, magana game da ilmin lissafi game da kayan tarihi na stereometry.
- Littafin XII ya ƙunshi hujjoji masu rauni akan ƙuri'a da dala, dangantakar yankin da'irori. Don gina waɗannan shaidar, yi amfani da hanyar da take sha. Yawancin masu binciken sun yarda cewa wannan littafin kuma ya rubuta Euclide. Marubucin mai yiwuwa ne littafin Evdox.
- Kayan kayan Xii sun ƙunshi bayani kan ginin biyar daidai polyhedra (Jikunan Platonic "). Wani ɓangare na gine-ginen da aka bayar a cikin ƙara zai iya bunkasa da Afhoys.
- Littattafai XIV da XV, bisa ga ra'ayin gaba ɗaya da aka karɓa, shima suna cikin sauran marubutan. Don haka, ƙara mai fasali "ya rubuta" ya rubuta a Alexandria, kuma na ƙarshe - Neidor Mility (na Ikilisiya Miletsk a cikin farkon ƙarni na shida ga zamaninmu).
Kafin bayyanar "ya fara", euclidean yana aiki tare da suna iri ɗaya, asalin wanda ya kasance daidaituwar mahimmin bayani game da ilimin lissafi, an tattara shi ta LIMETRY, Chios, Fendem. Dukkansu suna cikin bace daga kowa da kowa bayan fito da Eucclid.
Shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata, ya fito fili "ya fara" yi aiki azaman jagora na asali akan Geometry. Ana fassara aikin cikin larabci, sannan zuwa Ingilishi. "Farkon" ya sake saita ɗaruruwan lokuta, kuma lissafin ilmin lissafi da aka ƙayyade a cikinsu ya kasance wanda ya dace da wannan rana.
Wani sashi mai mahimmanci na kayan da marubucin ya haɗa cikin aiki ba gano nasu ba, kuma sanannu da sanannu da sanannu. Asalin aikin Eucclid shine aiwatar da kayan, tsarinta da bayanan da aka watsa tare. Wasu littattafan Eucclid sun fara jerin abubuwan da aka ambata, a cikin littafin farko akwai kuma jerin sunayen daga cikin gatari da postatules.
Euclide Boulates sun kasu kashi biyu: mahangar gaba daya wanda ya hada da kullun yarda da bayanan kimiyya, da kuma geometric Axioms. Don haka, a cikin rukunin farko akwai irin waɗannan maganganun:
"Idan adadin biyu daidai yake da wannan ukun, to, daidai suke da juna." "Komai fiye da adadin sassan".A rukuni na biyu sune, alal misali, bayanan da ke gaba:
"Daga kowane aya zuwa kowane lokaci zaku iya kashe kai tsaye." "Dukkanin kusurwa daidai suke da juna.""Farkon" ba shine kawai littafin da Euclide ba. Ya kuma rubuta ayyuka da yawa a kan catoptrastric (sabon masana'antu, har zuwa babban adadin abubuwan da aka yiwa aikin lissafi na masu sihiri). Yawancin ayyuka, masana kimiyya da aka sadaukar domin nazarin sassan concal. Matthematics kuma ya bunkasa zato da kuma tunanin da suka shafi yanayin motsin jikin da dokokin mashin. Ya zama marubucin kayan aikin mahimman kayan aikin da ke aiki da Geometry - abin da ake kira "ginin Euclidean". Da yawa daga cikin aikin wannan tsohon tsohuwar Greek na bakin ciki bai kai wa yau ba.
Ilmin filosofi
A zamanin da, falsafa aka cika da wasu masana'antu da yawa na ilimin kimiyya. Don haka, ilimin lissafi, ilmin taurari, ilmin lissafi da kiɗa suna ɗaukar kimiyyar lissafi, fahimtar wannensu wajibi ne don nazarin kimantawa na falsafar. Eucccti ya kirkiro da koyarwar Matarta game da abubuwa hudu da aka bayar daidai da Polyhedra ta Haya:
- Asalin wuta yana nuna Tetrahereron;
- Elearfin iska ya dace da Octahedron;
- Kashi na duniya yana da alaƙa da cube;
- Kashi na ruwa yana da alaƙa da Ikoshedr.
A cikin wannan mahallin, an iya ɗaukar "farkon" da koyarwa game da gina "jingina plattonic", wato, Biyar daidai Polyhedra. Koyarwa ya ƙunshi duk abubuwan da ake buƙata, shaidu da jijiyoyi. Tabbacin yiwuwar gina irin wannan jikin ya kammala ta hanyar amince da gaskiyar cewa babu wani jikin da ya dace da jikin mutum, ban da bayanan biyar, ba ya wanzu.
Kusan kowane ɗayansu na Euclide a cikin "Farkon" ya dace da alamu na motsa jiki a kan hujja na Aristotle. Don haka, marubucin ya taɓa samun sakamako daga dalilan, samar da jerin alamun tabbaci. A lokaci guda, ya tabbatar da har ma amince yarda, wanda shima ya dace da koyarwar Aristle.
Rayuwar sirri
Kawai wasu bayanai game da aikin Euclidean a kimiyyar kimiyya ya zo mana, kusan babu abin da ba a sani ba game da rayuwar kansa. Akwai wani labari cewa sarkin Ptolemy, wanda ya yanke shawarar yin nazarin Geometry, ya fusata da rikitarwa. Daga nan sai ya juya zuwa Eclide ya tambaye shi ya nuna wata hanya mafi sauki da ya ce: "Babu hanyar sarauta zuwa Geometry." Bayan haka, bayanin daga baya ya zama abin ci gaba.
Akwai tabbaci cewa karkashin laburin rubutun Alexandria, wannan tsohuwar masanin masanin kimiyyar Girka wanda ya kafa makarantar lissafi mai zaman kansa. A ciki ya yi nazarin masu kula da kimiyya iri ɗaya, kazalika da Euclidea. Ko da a tsarin rayuwarsa, Eucccctid ya taimaka wa ɗalibai a cikin rubuce rubuce, ƙirƙira ka'idodin nasu da haɓaka shaidar da suka dace.
Babu cikakken bayani game da bayyanar masanin kimiyya. Hoto da zane-zane shine 'ya'yan itacen tunanin game da masu halittar halittar su, ƙirƙira hoton da aka watsa daga zamani zuwa zamani.
Mutuwa
Mai yiwuwa, eucclid ya mutu a cikin 260s zuwa zamaninmu. Ba a san takamaiman abubuwan da aka kashe ba. Gangar da masanin masanin ya tsira shi tsawon shekara biyu sannan ya yi masa horo manyan mutane a baya fiye da ƙarni.
An yi imani da cewa dan siyasa Ibrahim Ibrahim Lincoln ya ƙaunace shi ya faɗi maganganun Euclidea a cikin jawabansa kuma yana da ya "fara" tare da shi "ya fara tare da shi" ya fara tare da shi "ya fara tare da shi.
Masana kimiyya na shekaru masu zuwa dangane da aikin Euclide. Don haka, Nikolai ta Rasha Nikolaivsky sunyi amfani da kayan tsohuwar Greek na tsohuwar Greek don haɓaka geometry hyperboly, ko lobachevsky geometry. Tsarin lissafi, wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar Euclide, yanzu an san shi da "Euclidean Geometry". Masanin kimiyya ya kuma kirkiro na'urar don tantance tsayin daka da kuma karawa dangantakar tazara, yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar kayan kida na keyboard.
Littafi daya
- "Farkon"
- "Bayanai"
- "A Raba"
- "Fanar
- "Optics"
- "Parisms"
- "Sassan abubuwan conical"
- "Wurare saman"
- "Pseudtia"
- "Catoptrics"
- "Rarraba Canon"