Tari
Charles Robert Darwin - Na otal, ka'idar majagaba a kan asalin rayuwa a duniya daga magabata ta gaba, ta hanyar juyin halitta na kowane nau'in. Marubucin littafin "Asali na halittu", ka'idar na farko da zaɓin na jima'i, karatun farko na farko "ra'ayoyin mahaifa", ƙa'idodin motsin rai a cikin mutane da dabbobi ", ka'idojin juyin halitta.
Charles Darwin a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1809 a cikin gundumar Shropshire (Ingila) a cikin kadada na Darwin Mountain, a cikin Shrewsbury. Robert Darwin, mahaifin yaron, likita da bada kudi, dan kimiyyar masanin kimiya erasmus darwin. Mahaifiyar Susann Darwin, a cikin Mata - Wajwood, 'yar Artist Jozayia Wajwood. Yara shida sun girma a cikin dangin Darwin. Iyalin sun ziyarci cocin Unitari na gaba, amma mahaifiyar Charles kafin aure Farishion coci na cocin Anglican.
A cikin 1817, an ba Charles ga makaranta. Darwin mai shekaru takwas Darwin sun hadu da ilimin kimiyyar halitta kuma ya sanya matakan farko a tattarawa. A lokacin zafi na 1817, mahaifiyar mahaifiyar ta mutu. Mahaifin Charles da Erasmus a cikin 1818 zuwa ɗakin kwana a ƙarƙashin ɗakin jirgin sama na Anglican - Makarantar Sharry.
Charles bai yi nasara a karatu ba. An ba da yaruka masu nauyi da littattafai. Babban sha'awar yaron yana tattara tarin da farauta. Dabi'u na Uba da malamai ba su tilasta karar da za su dauki hankali ba, kuma a qarshe sun kaɗa masa. Daga baya, matasa Darwin ya bayyana wani sha'awar - sunadarai, wanda Darwin ma ya tsawata kan dakin motsa jiki. Gymles Charles Darwin ta gama tare da nesa mai haske.
Bayan kammala karatu daga motsa jiki a 1825, Charles, Charles, tare da ɗan'uwansa, ya shiga jami'in Edinburgh, a cikin magunguna. Kafin shiga saurayin ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki a cikin likita na Uba na Uba.
A Jami'ar Edinburgh, Darwin ta gudanar da shekaru biyu. A wannan lokacin, masanin kimiyyar nan gaba ya fahimci cewa magunguna ba kira ba ne. Dalibin ya tsaya zuwa lacca kuma ya kwashe masana'antun dabbobi. Malaman Charles a wannan lamarin ne 'yanci John Edmontone, wanda ya ziyarci tafiya Arazoniya a cikin rukunin Natomotor na Waterton.
Farkon binciken Darwin da aka yi a yankin ilmin jikin marine invertebres. Ayyukan matashin masanin masanin kimiyya a cikin Maris 1827 A taron taron ɗaliban Pliniyevsky, memba na wanda ya fito daga 1826. A cikin al'umma guda, matasa Darwin ya sadu da magabata. A wancan lokacin, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki daga Robert Edmond Grant. Sautin tarihin tarihin na Robert Jameton, inda ya sami ilimi na asali a ilimin toriy, kayan tarihin Edinburgh.
Labari game da binciken da aka ƙaddamar da dan Sonan bai jagoranci Darwin-Dattijan Dattijan ba. Na lura cewa ba zan iya zama likita da Charles ba, Robert Darwin ya nace kan zuwan dan a kwalejin Kristi na Kristi Jami'ar. Kodayake baƙi na PLNiyevsungiyar PLNiyevsky da yawa girgiza girgiza Darwin a cikin yaran Ikklisiya, kuma a shekarar 1828 ya jure wa gaban shiga Cambridge.
Yin karatu a Cambridge ba ma burge shi da Darwin. Lokacin ɗalibi da hawan dawakai. Sabon sha'awar ya bayyana - entomology. Charles ya shiga wurin da'irar masu tattara kwari. Masanin masani na gaba ya sanya abokai tare da Farfesa Cambridge Johns Genslens, wanda ya buɗe ɗalibin da ƙofar keb ɗin mai ban mamaki na botany. Gensall ya gabatar da Darwin tare da jagorantar dabi'a na wancan lokacin.
Tare da kusancin gwaje-gwaje na ƙarshe, Darwin ya fara tilasta kayan da aka rasa akan manyan batutuwa. Ta dauki matsayi na 10 a kan sakamakon sakamakon sakin.
Yayi balaguro
Bayan kammala karatun digiri a 1831, Charles Darwin ya kasance a Cambridge na ɗan lokaci. Ya nemi lokaci ga nazarin Ayyukan Ayyukan William Gyele "Tiyolojin Dalili" da Alexander Von Humboldt ("Nuranger"). Wadannan littattafan sun kawo Darwin ga ra'ayin tafiya zuwa wuraren tafiya don nazarin kimiyyar halitta a aikace. Don aiwatar da manufar tafiya, Charles ya zartar da hanyar kwayoyin halittar Adamu Sedgevik, sannan ya bar wanda ya saukar zuwa ga arewacin Wales don manyan taswirar.
Bayan isowa daga Wales Darwin, Ina jiran wasiƙar Farfesa ta farfesa ta gensall tare da shawarar jirgin ruwan da ke cikin jirgin ruwan sarauta "Beagle" Robert Fitzroy. Jirgin ruwa a wancan lokacin ya tafi tafiya zuwa Kudancin Amurka, kuma Darwin na iya ɗaukar wurin dumaki a cikin kungiyar. Gaskiya ne, an biya matsayin. Mahaifin Charles ya jefa a cikin tafiya, kuma kalmar da ta cancanci "wajan Charles, Jozoza Muzwood II, ya ceci lamarin. Matasa nazarin matashi ya tafi duniya.
Tafiya ta fara a 1831, kuma ta ƙare a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1836. Crew na "beagle" ya haifar da aikin a kan zane na faɗakarwa na bakin teku. Darwin a lokacin ya tsunduma a banki na tarin abubuwan nune-nti don tarin tarihin na halitta da ilimin halittu. Ya jagoranci cikakken rahoto game da abubuwan da yake gani. Tare da kowane lamari mai dacewa, masanin kimiyya ya tura kwafin bayanan zuwa Cambridge. A lokacin tafiya, Darwin ya tattara yawan tarin dabbobi, babban rabo daga wanda aka ware ta hanyar invertebrate. Aka bayyana tsarin dabi'a na tobals na tekun.
A kusa da tsibiran Cape Darwin ya gano tasirin tazara ta wucin gadi don canje-canje na Geology yana amfani da shi a cikin rubuce-rubucen na rubutu a gaba.
A cikin Patagaia, ya gano perotied ya kasance tsohon mammal megatarium na megatarium. Kasantinsa kusa da shi a cikin nau'in mollusm na zamani molluss ya ba da shaida ga ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen jinsunan kwanan nan. Gano ya haifar da sha'awar Cibiyar INGANCIN TAFIYA.
Nazarin filastik na baya, wanda ya buɗe tsohuwar yadudduka na ƙasa, ya jagoranci Darwin a ƙarshen faɗar a cikin Lileel "a kan ɓoyayyen jinin.
A bakin tekun Chile, kungiyar Beagle "ta sami girgizar kasa. Charles ya ga ƙasa ta haye sama da matakin teku. A cikin Andes, ya sami kwasfa na Marine Invertebrates, wanda ya jagoranci masanin kimiyya don tsayayya game da abin da ya faru na shinge na ɓawon ƙasa na ɓawon ƙasa.
A cikin tsibirin Galapagos, Darwin ya lura da bambance-bambance tsakanin jinsi tsakanin jinsin na gida daga manyan dangi da wakilan makwabta. Abinda Bincike shine kunkuncin galapagos da tsuntsaye ba'a.
A Australiya, sun ga kyawawan dabbobin da ban mamaki da Sunnoos sun banbanta da duniyar dabbobi da Darwin da ke tunanin wani "Mahalicci".
Tare da ƙungiyar "beagle Darwin ya ziyarci Tsibirin Kwakwalwa, Green Cape, tsibirin Teerife, a Brazil, Argentina, Arguay, a kan ƙasa mai rauni. Dangane da sakamakon bayanan da aka tattara, masanin kimiyya ya kirkiro ayyukan Diary Diary (1839), "Tafiya da rarraba jigilar kaya" (1842). Na bayyana sabon abu na duniya mai ban sha'awa - penithentenes (lu'ulu'u na musamman akan kankara na kankara).
Bayan ya dawo daga tafiya, Darwin ya fara tattara abubuwan tabbatar da ka'idar su game da canjin a cikin jinsuna. Rayuwa a cikin yanayin addini mai zurfi, masanin ilimin kimiyya ya fahimci cewa ka'idarsa ta rushe damita ta data kasance. Ya yi imani da Allah, kamar a cikin mafi girman asalin, amma ba ya jin damuwar Kiristanci. Tashi na karshe daga cocin da ya faru bayan mutuwar Anes a 1851. Darwin bai daina taimaka wa cocin kuma ya ba da tallafi ga parisha ba, amma yayin ziyarar da dangin cocin suka tafi tafiya. Darwin ya kira kansa wani agnostic.
A cikin 1838, Charles Darwin ya zama sakatare na jama'ar gidan London na London. Wannan post din ya mamaye har zuwa 1841.
Koyaswar zuriya
A cikin 1837, Charles Darwin ya fara kula da diary, iri iri da iri na cikin gida. Ya yi ƙarya game da tunaninsa game da zabin yanayi. Bayanin farko game da asalin nau'in ya bayyana a 1842.
"Asalin halittar" alama ce ta muhawara da ke tabbatar da ka'idar juyin halitta. Asalin motsa jiki shine ci gaba na hankali da yawan jin daɗi ta hanyar zabin yanayi. Bizanar da aka gabatar a cikin aikin sun karɓi sunan "Darwiniyanci" a cikin al'ummomin kimiyya.
A cikin 1856, shirye-shiryen tsawatawa na littafin ya fara. A cikin 1859, hasken ya ga lokatao-hukunce-hukuncen '' asalin jinsunan ta hanyar zabin halitta, ko adana nau'in kayan kwalliya a cikin gwagwarmaya na rayuwa. " Littafin da aka hade a cikin kwana biyu. A lokacin rayuwar Darwin, littafin ya fito a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, Rasha, Dan kasar Italiya, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Jaren Poland, harshen Poland harsuna. An sake buga darwin kuma an san su yanzu. Ka'idar Masanin Kimiyyar Castist har yanzu ya dace kuma shine tushen ka'idar juyin halitta ta zamani.
Wani muhimmin aikin Darwin shine "asalin mutum da zaɓi na jima'i." A ciki, masanin masanin ilimin ya ci gaba da kakannin kakanninsu a cikin mutum da biri na zamani. Masanin masanin ya gudanar da bincike mai ma'ana, idan aka kwatanta bayanan da ya nuna makamancin haka, a kan wanda ya nuna makamancin wannan mutumin da biri (Samial na antropogeneesis).
A cikin littafin "a kan bayyanar da motsin zuciyar mutum a cikin mutum da dabbobi, Darwin ya bayyana mutum a matsayin wani ɓangare na sarkar juyin halitta. Mutum kamar halittu na rayuwa ya ci gaba daga mafi ƙasƙanci dabba.
Rayuwar sirri
Charles Darwin ya yi aure a 1839. Ya kasance mai tsanani game da aure. Kafin yanke shawara, Na rubuta a kan takarda duk "don" da "a kan". Bayan hukuncewar, "inna" aure-aure "a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1838 yi tsari ta Cousin Emme Vajwood. Emma 'yar Joshiyel ne, ok ok Uncle Charles Chatt, Chadles Charles, membobin majalisar da mai mallakar dan wasan. A lokacin bikin aure, amarya ta juya shekara 30. Har sai Charles Emma ya ƙi hannaye da na zuciya. Yarinyar ta jagoranci wasikar da Darwin a shekarun tafiya zuwa Kudancin Amurka. Emma - yarinya ce ta ilimi. Ta rubuta wa'azin don makarantar karkara, musicign Music a Paris daga Frederick Chopin.
Auren ya faru a ranar 29 ga Janairu. Auren a cikin cocin Anglican ya riƙe amarya da ango John Allen Allen Mafrood. Sabbinsu a London. A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1842, dangin sun koma cikin gari Kent.
Emma da Charles an haife su yara goma ne. Yara sun kai babban matsayi a cikin al'umma. 'Ya'yan George, Francis da Horost sun kasance membobin gungun jama'a na Burtaniya.
Yara uku sun mutu. Darwin ya danganta wahalar yara tare da juna da Emma (aikin "zuriyar 'zuriyar abokantaka da fa'idodi na mahaɗan tsararru").
Mutuwa
Charles Darwin ya mutu yana da shekara 73, Afrilu 1982. An binne shi a Westminster Abbey.
Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Emma ya sayi gida a Cambridge. 'Ya'yan Francis da' ya'yan Haruna sun gina gida kusa. A Cambridge, gwauruwa ta rayu a cikin hunturu. A lokacin bazara ta koma cikin wani yanki na iyali a cikin Kent. Ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 1896. Aka binne shi a cikin ƙasa, kusa da ɗan'uwan Darwin - Erasmus.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
- Charles Darwin an haife shi a wata rana tare da Ibrahim Lincoln.
- A cikin hoto, Darwin yana kama da zaki lokacin farin ciki.
- Asali na jinsin ya zama ana kiransa kawai zuwa sithon shida.
- Darwin ya san sabbin nau'ikan dabbobi kuma daga ra'ayi na Gastronomomer: Ya yi ƙoƙarin ɗanɗano jita-jita daga kayan masarufi, Jututi, Iguan.
- A cikin girmamawa ga masanin kimiyya, akwai nau'in dabbobi da yawa.
- Darwin bai yarda da imaninsa ba: har zuwa karshen kwanaki, yana zaune a cikin iyali mai zurfi, yana da dangantaka da Addini da mutum ya shakkar.
- Tafiya "theagles" miƙa maimakon shekaru biyu.