Tarihi
Hamayun halayyar almara ne wanda ya samo asali da yada a al'adun Rasha a ƙarni na XVII-XIX-XIIX. Wannan shi ne tsuntsaye na aljanna da fuka-fukai, wanda kwari, wanda kwari suke amfani da wutsiya, kuma faɗuwarsa daga sama yana gaban mutuwar masu ƙasa.A cikin ƙarni na XIX-XXI, hoton ya canza ta hanyar zane kuma an gano shi ta hanyoyi biyu: a matsayin tsuntsu da farin ciki, ko a matsayin nazarin tunani. Bayyanar tsuntsaye na gamayun da bayyanar tsuntsaye: Farko halin "aiki" wata gabar jiki, kuma daga ƙarshe wata fuskar mace ta bayyana. A wannan hanyar, ya bayyana a kan sanannen hoto na Viktor Vassnetsov.
Tarihin halayyar halayyar
Hoton wani hali a cikin tatsuniyar mahaifiyar slavic ya haɓaka bisa tushen gargajiya na Iran, inda akwai ra'ayoyi game da sihirin da ta Shai. Ita ce Akin zuwa Phoenix, wanda ke haskakawa da mutane farin ciki. Idan Humai ya sauko a kan wani inuwa, wannan mutumin zai zama sarki. Fassara daga Ma'anar Persian "Khoman" kusa da kalmomin "sarauta", "mai farin ciki", "mai albarka".
Bugu da kari, daban-daban gwaje-gwaje game da Aljannar mutanen Aljanna sun zama ruwan dare a cikin ƙarni na XVI-XVIIICAI, waɗanda wakilan ke zaune ne akan tsibirin Sabon Guinea. Dangane da kwatancin, cushe wadannan halittun sun fara kawo Turai a karni na XVI, inda suka sa muni, kamar yadda mutane ba zasu iya gano fuka-fukan da kafafu ba. Labarun Novogvertessev an kara wa wannan ra'ayi cewa mutanen Aljanna sun zo daga sama.
A kan wannan, rashin kuskuren gama gari da tsuntsayen sama suke motsawa a cikin iska tare da wutsiya kuma ba sa zaune a ƙasa, kuma suna shakatawa zuwa wutsiya a bayan bishiyoyi masu rassan. Wadannan kekunan da suka yi niyya su tallafa wa 'yan kasuwa, har ma da dalilai na wadannan lokutan ba su yi jayayya da wannan ra'ayi ba.
A ƙarshen karni na XVIII, ya juya, a ƙarshe, cewa kafafu da fikafikan da fikafikan da fikafikan mutanen Aljanna an sare su. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin, almara sun yi tasiri da samuwar hoton na tsuntsu na gamayun.
Gamayun a cikin tatsuniyoyi da almara
Ra'ayin cewa Gamayong ya daɗe da wanzuwa a cikin tatsuniyiyya da goge-goge na slawn, ba daidai ba, yaduwar. A karo na farko, halayyar da aka ambata a cikin fassarar Rasha ta Jam'iyyar "Kirista ta yanar gizo", a cikin wasu tsuntsayen almara - Pinik da Harad. An yi imanin cewa suna da banmancin ƙanshi kuma sun sami damar tashi zuwa tsibiran almara na almara, wanda ke kusa da aljanna. Koyaya, a wancan zamani, hoton Hamayun ya kasance ba a kula da shi ba kuma a cikin al'ada da labarin almara ba su shiga.A karo na gaba, ambaton halayyar an samo shi a cikin tushen ƙarni na XVIII, inda Hamayuna ya bayyana matsayin fitowar tsuntsaye na aljanna tare da sparrerow. Ana samun wannan halin a cikin tarihin tarihin da sauran littattafan fasaha a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban, zai iya zama daban, kuma wurin ana kiransa Indiya, masizan.
Tare da kowane yanayi, ana kiyaye manyan sifofi na bayyanar - wannan tsuntsu koyaushe yana sawa a cikin iska, kuma yana amfani da wutsiya, ko kuma yana taɓa saukowa, ko kuma ya kasance a bayansu da gashinsa.
Gamayun a cikin al'ada
A cikin ƙarni na XVIII-XVIIII, hoton tsuntsu Hatayun an sake haifuwa a cikin batutuwan kayan ado da kuma amfani da zane-zane, wanda aka kirkireshi don yadi. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovail Fedorovich a farkon karni na 20 ya saya daga Moscom na jirgin ƙasa da jirgin ruwa a cikin nau'i na Hamayun, inlaid by lu'ulu'u. An nuna halayyar a cikin banners da bindigogi.
A cikin ƙarni na XIX-XXI, hoton a cikin fasaha ne romanticized. Tsuntsu ya bayyana a cikin ayyukan mawaƙa da marubuta. Misali, Konstantantin Balmont Gamayun ya yaba wa dan Adam, mai kama da "mai da kai" da mafarkan ziyartar wadanda aka samu.
A cikin 1897, sanannen hoto na Viktor Vassnetsov "Gamayun, wani abu ne mai ban tsoro" ya bayyana. Wannan zane ya ba da wannan zane ga samuwar sabon ra'ayin wani hali a al'adar Rasha. A cikin hoto Vassetsov, Gamayun ba karamin kama da littafin littafin da aka riga aka kafa ta wancan lokacin ba. Wannan tsuntsu ne da fikafikan fuka-fukan fata da kuma fuskar mace wacce ta ba da sifofin yara da kuma magana magana, tsoro. Wannan hoton, wanda aka yi cikin shuɗi-ruwan hoda da launin toka da launin toka, ya zama sananniyar magana game da faɗakarwa da kuma faɗakarwa, wanda ya mamaye al'umma a lokacin.
A cikin 1908, da mawaƙi Alexander toshe, hoton da yake burge Vasnetsov, ya rubuta waka "Hamma, tsuntsu na tsuntsu," inda ya halicci hoton mummunan yanayin dabba. BIYUN GAMIYUN YAKIN MULKIN YAKE, KUMA SHAWARA, KOWANSURO, yunwar, "Mutuwa na dama" da "ikon da ya dace." A bakin annabta - jini mai bin baki, bayyanin jinin da aka binne shi, bayyanar tsoro ya daskare a fuska mai kyau. Waƙoƙin ya zama alama ga al'adun Rasha da tarihin karni na ashirin. Daga baya, mawaki dmitry su sanya wannan waka zuwa kida.
A farkon karni na 20, hoton Gamayun "ya tashi" a cikin ayyukan Akhmatova, inda hali ya juya zuwa ga hanya madaidaiciya, da kuma nuna ƙauna ta nuna damuwa. Sunan mythical mutter da aka kira mujallu da kuma da'irar mawaƙa. A cikin aikin mawafi, Hamayun ya zama alama ta mutuwa da kora, mugunta da rashin adalci.
A karshen karni na 20, hoton tsuntsayen "masu maye" kuma sun sake zama alama ta farkawa da fatan alkawarin Vystsky da kuma Boris Grebenshchikov.
Sunan tsuntsu shine halaye a cikin 80s karni na 20 "Yankin kan iyaka na 19 - Sailor Trofitovich Gamayun. Matsayin da Actor Alexander Denisev.
A cikin 1992, littafin "waƙoƙin tsuntsaye na Gamayun" an buga. Ta rubuta A.I. Ass karkashin motar bas ɗin da aka serseudy. A ciki, gwarzo na tatsuniyoyi an bayyana su a matsayin Manzon Allah na Allah; Gamayun ne ke da makirci na asirin da suka gabata da kuma mailatorator wanda ya buɗe mutane da kuka fi so ga zuwan. Duk da cewa an rubuta littafin a cikin nau'in shafi na Pseudoistoria kuma ba zai iya da'awar daidaito na kimiyya, ana samun saƙo a cikin tushe mai kyau har ma da littafin makaranta ba.
GAMIYUN sanannen hoto ne a Heraldry. A nan, wannan na nufin sha'awar mutane suyi farin ciki da kwanciyar hankali, da goyon bayan sojojin. An nuna shi a kan mayafin smintensk yankin - tsuntsu mai rawaya tare da fuka-fukan da aka tashe suna zaune a kan tsohuwar bindiga. Wani lokaci ya rikice tare da tsuntsu na phoenix, wanda, yana hutawa daga toka, alama ce ta farkawar da sabuntawa.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
- Hotunan tsuntsu na na zamani suna cikin zanen gidan Kolomna a yankin Moscow. An zana "shimfidar aljanna ta bangon", daga inda aka zana masanin ilimin zamani, wanda aka kirkira a 1664-1666.
- A cikin "Wizard", tara shi a cikin 1664, an ambaci cewa miliyoyin kishin Sokolnikov da kuma tsayawa takara da "Bugun Hamma" . Tarihi ya yi imanin cewa wannan shine fararen garga Alexi Mikhailovich.
- Tsuntsu ba tare da fuka-fuki ba, tunawa da Hedgehog, yana cikin tsohon bugu na Rasha na 1694. Marubucin hoton shine sanannen sananniyar ƙwanƙolin Rasha ta Rasha.
- A cikin Slavic neomi na Slavic Nahipology, Gamayun ne girbe mai haske daga cikin tsuntsu Sirin. Tana zaune a tsibirin a cikin Tekun Alakra, amma sau da yawa tana ziyartar mutane don su wuce ta daga alloli.
Littafi daya
- 1992 - "Tsuntsayen Gamayun"
- 2001 - "Slavic Billiary: Dictionary Sunaye da alamomin"
- 2014 - "Anpomorphic tsuntsaye, Simurg da Semorgl"