Character History
Pulchinell is an ambiguous character of the street Italian comedy del Arte. Today he became a symbol of Napletarian culture, going from the street theater to other industries of art. The Bright Folk Hero tried on a lot of images and characteristics that were embodied on the stage Raffaele Viviani, Antonio Petito, Eduardo de Filippo.History of character creation
Pulchinell mask appeared on stage at the end of the XVI century, together with other representatives of the southern quartet - Scaramucci, Tartalia and Covello. As for its prehistory, a number of hypotheses are traced here. Many authoritative scientists and writers, including Albrecht Dietrich, argued that she reproduced the image of the ancient Roman jester of Makkus.
This version was supported by the similarity of the appearance of two characters - their costumes and types of figures. Pulchinell appeared in the same part of Italy, where 1.5 thousand years ago, a comedy was born with the participation of Makcus. However, such judgment does not have reliable evidence.
Another hypothesis is more realistic and is approximated by the end of the XVI century. The mask appeared in the south of Italy, while in the north comedy del Arte was toured for 30 years. Accordingly, the archetypes and images were also known in the scene of the southern quartet.
In addition, it was necessary to give a satirical stylization to representatives of the peasantry like northern colleagues - Harlequin and Brighella. So Pulchinell appeared - a peasant, a working or servant. What is characteristic of the population of the south, here because of the infusion of Plebeian flows about the purity of the peasant type did not have to speak. Therefore, the character came out long and modified depending on the production.
The name of the mask is interpreted in the Italian as "chicken". The similarity with the chick manifested itself in appearance is either a long, like beak, nose, or scallop.
At the dawn of Comedy del Arte, hero got solo performances - pulveries. He became the rod of the play, defining her main theme. Interestingly, his appearance, character and social situation could differ very much, but even this did not allow any ambiguous to interpret the connection with the Neapolitan Prasur.
Thus, the tradition of the street theater was not interrupted, and the fame of Italian Balagen allowed him to live to today.
Image and Biography of Pulchinell
A detailed description of the biography of the character presented the famous publicist Galliani. The story of the Abbot begins with the fact that the actors from Comedy del Arte returned after the presentation to the southern city of Naples. On the road they met the peasants who worked on the vineyards. Tired workers decided to act, taped theatrical troupe.The actors did not remain in debt, especially since the verbal sword is what they have heard professionals. The peasants were slowly silent, unable to resist the masters. But among them there was one young guy who gave out shaudging epithets and curses without stopping.
Comedians struck in such a talent and decided to invite him to themselves in the troupe. The young man named Puchcho D'Eello did not refuse. And soon took one of the first places in popularity among actors. After his death, Del Artte remained a mask, which was called Pulchinell.
No less interesting is the social evolution of the image. An ineanom peasant acted as a soldier, and as a thief, and as a merchant. The prevailing features of his character - either stupidity or trick. From bad habits, gluttony and laziness are distinguished.
Andrea Peruchchi, the compiler of the Comedy Code del Arte, insisted that the image of the pulcinell should be associated exclusively with stupidity. Artists who tried to show the role of an intelligent or cunning hero were subjected to tough criticism.
The public reacted as a dual character as disapproving, feeling false. Therefore, in Del Arte began to avoid attempts to put the Balaguore mind. After the death of the comedy, this character returned to multipleness.
For the first time, the hero appeared on the streets of Naples in peasant clothes - white pants, the same color of the shirt and a dark felt hat. On the face there was a mask with an enlarged nose. Subsequently, Balagar rose a stomach and humps appeared. The latter designated because of the habit of bending when he was hit by higher comedy participants.
At the time of the debut, the character was a grated Kalach, a kind of singers from the labor class. His wife, nevertheless, often instructed his horns. Therefore, the man showed himself jealous and even Tyran. He often shouted, fought and complained. His life is unhappy, and the situation was aggravated by a large number of children who are experiencing hunger and often cry.
Pulchinell in culture
Pulcinell is as popular as Harlequin, and not only in Italy, but in the whole world. This is especially traced in the literature, where the hero became frequent of fairy tales in the form of a soldier with a roasty nose or a wooden doll.
In the visual arts, the artists saw in the peasant-joke not so much mask as a living person. Pierre Leoni Getzi created a series of engravings with a picture of a character in which he introduced several plots. For example, he teaches children, writes a testament, sick or suddenly gets wealth.
Alessandro Manya wrote to order several paintings, where the main character playing the guitar, rides on the donkey. His canvas called the "Pulchineella Concert" echoes the "dance of the colombina". Default and poverty, which are associated with a large character of the character, the artist demonstrated in the "Pulcinell Lunch", where the many-fashioned head of the family eats pasta macaroni.
In 1920, the premiere of the ballet of Igor Stravinsky took place in Grand Opera Paris. In the center of the plot - the jester, in which the daughters of Dr., Rosset and Prudent are in love. And the history of the main character borrowed from Neapolitan manuscript of 1700. A century after the release of the performance, the plot reworked the director Ilya Living, presenting the public ballet "Pulcinell: a game of cards."
In 2012, in the very center of Naples, the statue of the ambiguous and multi-layered hero was established. The author of the sculpture is Lello Escposito. Mayor Luigi de Madzhistis said that this monument calls for the Italians "not surrender", and also personifies the fate of the people and the philosophy of the city.
The many-seaside peasant-Balagar peasant led to the birth of diversified scenarios and on stage, and in visual arts. Today, this folklore character has become a recognizable symbol of Naples. The image of a funny and unfortunate peasant is kept souvenirs, dolls, paintings, images on the dishes and other visual-material artifacts.
Interesting Facts
- The French Polysinel and English Panch "grew up" from Italian Balaguore.
- A squeaky voice of the jester from del Arte Actors reproduced with the help of a meal - a special device in the form of two plates.
- In the Italian dictionary, this hero is given such a capacious definition: "Neapolitan mask, whose characteristic feature is lack of character."
Bibliography
- 1960 - "Pulcorella's flight"
- 1931 - "Wooden actors"
- 2019 - "Life and amazing adventures of the famous Signora Pulcorella from Naples"