Biography
The name of Mikhail Speransky put in one row with the iconic world reformers. The statesman of a doubtful origin managed to make a brilliant career due to the mind and hardworking. The lawmaker worked as Secretary of Emperor Alexander I, and under Nicolae I laid the foundations of legal science in Russia. For merit to the fatherland awarded the count title.Childhood and youth
Mikhail Mikhailovich was born on January 1, 1772 in the village of Cherkutino, which was part of the Vladimir province, and became the firstborn in the family. Father served at the temple, mother was the daughter of the Dyakon. Grad Vasily was engaged in the education of the child, who told the grandson about the device of the world. Misha has learned early to read. In childhood he was recorded in the Vladimir diocesan seminary.
Here the student received not only knowledge, but also the surname of Speransky, the basis of which the Latin word Spero was "hope". Therefore, it could be interpreted as "Supplementing Hope." And the young seminarist really demonstrated herifies, excellent memory, ability to explore both humanitarian and natural sciences.
Personal life
Personal life in the biography of the lawmaker has developed dramatically. In 1798, Mikhail Mikhailovich marked with 17-year-old Elizabeth Stevens. Spouse Speransky took place from the Anglican pastor family. A year later, a daughter was born, named after the mother. However, the happiness of the child's appearance was overwhelmed by the early death of a woman from Chakhotka.The departure of his wife became a tragedy for a man and immersed him depressed. The rest of the life of the reformer lived alone, he had no more children.
In 1822, Elizabeth married Prince Alexander Frolova-Bagreyev. Later, her grandson Mikhail Cantakuzen as a sign of respect for the merit of the great-grandfather received the right to wear Speransky.
Activity
After the seminary, the young man became a student of the St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy. Having received education in this institution, he remained here and began to conduct classes on naturally scientific disciplines. The courses included mathematics, physics, eloquence. Since 1795, he received a home secretary from Prince Alexei Borisovich Kurakina, in parallel continuing to lecture.
When, in 1796, Paul I climbed the throne, the prince took the position of prosecutor general and suggested Speransky to leave teaching and start a service in the office. He agreed and in the rank of the titular advisor joined the office of the office.
In a short time, Mikhail Mikhailovich quickly climbed the career ladder. Already 3 months after receipt of the public service, the rank of college assessor was received, and by December 1799 he became a Stat adviser.
In 1801, Alexander I took the place of his father, and after this, the Speransky appeared another position - the State Secretary at Dmitry Prokofievich Trochinsky, who performed the duties of the State Secretary at the new emperor. Thirsty to change life in the country for the better, the son of Paul I sought to hold a number of reforms in Russia, in connection with which the unlawful committee was created, where he collected like-minded people.
On the recommendation of the supporter of his ideas of Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey Alexander Pavlovich looked at a talented worker. After the coronation of the ruler, Mikhail Mikhailovich helped that several projects on the reorganization of the state. Soon on the protection of the Kochubey, he entered the circle of people defining the policy of the country.
In 1803, a decree on free blades was released, in the development of which Speransky was also involved. According to the document, the landowners could release serfs by hanging their land. During the reign of Alexander I, 37 thousand people received freedom.
The assistant of the head of state not only was engaged in the preparation of important securities, but also accompanied the son of Paul I in diplomatic trips. In 1808, Emperor's meeting with Napoleon I Bonaparte took place in Erfurt. During the personal acquaintance of the ruler of France conquered the education of the Russian adviser. According to legend, he even suggested Alexander Pavlovich to give him Mikhail Mikhailovich in exchange for some kingdom.
Returning to Russia, Speransky continued to develop new laws. In 1809, he presented a draft monetary reform, later he was released his decree on the exams on Chin. According to him, the ranks of the college assessor and the Stat adviser were assigned only in the presence of a university diploma or with the surrender of university courses. These innovations caused discontent in society, especially among the nobles and officials, whose interests were "injured" the most.
Conspiracies were created against the reformer, Alexander I was regularly confronted to the adviser, saying that he suddenly responds about the ruler. At first, the Russian sovereign left these rumors without attention, but gradually obeyed the influence of conspirators. In 1812, Speransky was accused of treason, they were arrested and exiled to Perm, and then in the estate of great.
To secure existence, the Secretary of State Sell Gifts received for the service. Opan ended in 1816, then Mikhail Mikhailovich was sent to Penza as a new governor.
In 1819 he was unexpectedly appointed by the Governor-General of Siberia. Arriving to Irkutsk, a man saw many violations committed by local officials, and began converting activities. As a result, it was possible to achieve significant improvements in the life of the local population.
After 2 years, the State Affairs was able to return to St. Petersburg, received the position of Managing Commission of Compilation of Laws, but no longer had the previous influence at the court of Alexander I. In November 1825, the Russian ruler died, and in December, Speransky prepared a manifesto on the transition of power to Nicholas I.
The new king ordered Mikhail Mikhailovich to hold the codification of the laws published in the empire for the last 2nd centuries. In 1827, two labor were prepared - "the full meeting of the laws of the Russian Empire" and "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire". In 1834, with the support of Speransky, the Higher School of Law, which was preparing lawyers. Since 1835, he made a teacher Alexander Nikolayevich, the future emperor.
Death
In January 1839, being at that time a valid secret adviser, Mikhail Mikhailovich received the county title, but he wore him long. Already in February of the same year, he died. The cause of death has become a cold. The grave of the statesman is located on the territory of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.Memory
- Gold Medal named after M. M. Speransky
- Museum and exhibition hall in the village of Cherkutino
- Mikhail Speransky Street in the village of Cherkutino, St. Petersburg, Vladimir, Tyumen, Penza, Ulan-Ude,
- Square Mikhail Speransky in Irkutsk
- The name of Speransky is the law faculties in Moscow and Vladimir, the Institute in Irkutsk, schools in Rostov-on-Don and Vladimir
- Monument to Speransky in Perm, Belgorod and Irkutsk
Reform
- Reform of chesky production
- Draft criminal deposition of the Russian Empire
- Decree of court titles
- Institutions for the management of Siberian provinces
- Code of Laws of the Russian Empire
- Decree of free blades
- Regulatory act on the fundamental laws of the state
- Regulatory Act on the gradualization of public improvement
- Public opinion regulatory act
- Charter of spiritual schools
- Regulatory act on the creation of the State Council
- Plan of state transformation