Biography
Marina Svalova, the first pilot-navigator in the USSR, is one of hundreds of thousands of heroic women whose biographies discovered the Great Patriotic War. She headed the aerial resistance to the Third Reich - thanks to a personal acquaintance with Joseph Stalin, I made permission to form women's airlocks. For its limitless courage and courage, the night witch awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and her name was forever in history.Childhood and youth
Marina Malinina (Rublova - Surname in Marriage) was born on March 28, 1912 in Moscow, the capital of the USSR. The head of the family Mikhail Dmitrievich earned the lives of creativity - performed in Opera and taught others to sing. One of the wards was his only daughter, which from nature possessed a pleasant voice.
Who knows how the biography of Marina would have begun if Mikhail Malinin brought his idea to the end and he would have made an opera singer from her. But the men were not in October 1919: he was shot down a motorcycle to death.
Caring for children, Marina Malinina and her elder brother Roman (1908), lay on the shoulders of the mother - the teacher Anna Spiridonovna (in the Maidesty of Lyubatovich). Salary barely enough to ensure a comfortable life, so the guys had to go to work early.
From 17 years old Marina worked at the Butyrsky Chemical Plant. Here she met an attractive engineer Sergey Raskovov and, seeking to facilitate the faith of his family, married.
Personal life
Sergey Ivanovich Rudov became the husband of Marina Malinina in April 1929. They quickly mastered the personal life and became the parents of the Blond girl Tatiana. A joint child did not dissuade a woman from a volitional decision - in October 1935 she asked for a divorce.
Sophisticated relationships cut off quickly and without delay. There was no questions about who will educate the daughter, because by that time Marina Skalov was entirely dedicated to the aircraft. However, she continued to visit Tatiana. In open sources there are their joint photography dated 1938.
Subsequently, the breakdown daughter became famous for the surname of the spouse as Tatyana Golenko.
Red Army Service
In 1932, after maternity leave, Marina got a lab in the air navigation laboratory of the Air Force Academy. N. E. Zhukovsky. It was then she met with his main passion - aircraft. The breakdown intercepted the spirit from the size of the "Iron Birds", she wanted to master them and quickly overlook in the endless sky.Marina, leading to conquer the sky, entered into correspondence training in the Leningrad Institute of Civil Air Fleet Engineers. And in 1934 he became a navigator, and in 1935 at additional courses - also the pilot.
The 1930s in the USSR were characterized by the blooming of aviation. Then everyone was followed by the achievements of Valery Chkalov, Alexander Anisimov, Mikhail Gromova. Marina Svalova, Valentina Grisodubova and Polina Osipenko became their female likeness. It was they who in 1938 on the plane AnT-37 "Motherland" installed the world record for flight range. The "Dame" crew in 26 hours overcame 6,450 km between Moscow and the Far East without transfers and refueling.
For the courage and heroism, shown in the flight, the composition of the "Motherland" was awarded the title of the heroes of the Soviet Union. The first was honored by Valentina Grisodubov as an ANT-37 commander. The shell became the second in the history of the USSR, a woman who was awarded the medal "Golden Star". On the wave of popularity, she released the autobiography "Note Navigorman" (1939).
To the service in the Red Army, Marina came in the same 1938. At the same time, she was an NKVD agent. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he was reached by senior lieutenant.
When Hitlerian Germany, without an ad by the war, attacked the USSR, all the defense of the Fatherland stood up. Marina Svalova took advantage of the personal communication channels with Joseph Stalin to organize the Women's Yak-1 airlows, where the White Lilia Stalingrad served - Lydia Litvak, PE-2 and PO-2. The last combat part was called "Night Witches", from here and the nickname of the pilot-navigator.
Some time after the start of the Great Patriotic War, Svalois was engaged in organizational issues. For example, the armament of PE-2, which she herself headed. By the time of the formation of the air striker number 34 written off Su-2. The dialogue with the People's Commissioner of the Aviation Industry, Alexei Shahurin, made it possible to replace them with 20 newest PE-2.
It was not easy to master the machines, but to the new 1943, the air files of the PE-2 was ready to fly to Stalingrad.
In the flight at the end of December 1942, "Night Witches" in the face of Rubin and Lomananova did not take part. Their planes were faulty. Marina did not quit his girls in trouble - he spent the main squadron to Stalingrad and returned to Moscow. It was January 4, 1943.
Death
Due to the strong wind and the Purgi, the remaining aircraft airlocks of PE-2 were filled into the sky only to dinner on January 4, 1943, although the shipment was planned at dawn. Along the path, the crew ran into a thick cloud. Fearless Marina Svaloova gave the team to make his way forward and the first dived into whiteness.
Gyubin and Lomanov with crews were safely landed at the place of refueling, but the commander of the airlock PE-2 was not seen anywhere.
On January 7, 1943, a fused bomber of Rubalov found not far from the village of Mikhailovka of the Saratov region. Together with her, Kirill Hil, Radist Nikolai Erofeev and Engineer Vladimir Kruglv. Now there is a memorial stone on the site of the crew.
The night witch was a symbol of female aviation in the USSR, so the main military prosecutor's office of the Red Army took for the investigation of the reasons for her death. The expert commission found that the total raid of Marina Rubalo was only 60 hours - 30 hours in flight school and in the regiment of PE-2. In other words, she did not have enough elementary skills to compete with the weather.
According to the instructions of the Air Force, with low visibility, the aircraft must turn around and return to the base, if enough fuel. If not - go to the "belly" before improving weather conditions. Marina rushed forward, condemned his airlock. Rubin and Lomananova or lucky, or they turned out to be more experienced pilots.
Despite the gross oversight, worthwhile, she was buried with all the honors. The dust rests in the necropolis at the Kremlin Wall on Red Square in Moscow.
Memory
- Saratov School No. 93 named after MM Oblova
- Monuments of Marina Rublova in Engels, Oblovo
- Memorial Plank in the village Oblovovo
- Streets, alleys and Marina Raskoy Square in many cities of the former USSR
- The village of Raskovo in the Saratov region of the Saratov region and in the Sushansky district of the Magadan region
- Tambov Higher Military Aviation School of Pilteers named Marina Raskoy
- 125th Guards Borisov Order Suvorov and Kutuzov Picking and bomber air strike
- Steamer "Marina Svalova"
- Airplane for training navigator navigator and front-line bomber aircraft "Marina Svalova" type Tu-134Sh
Awards
- Badge "Honored Officer of the NKVD"
- Medal "Golden Star"
- Two orders of Lenin
- Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree