Biography
The "collector of the Russian land" and Ivan the Great called the grateful descendants of their ruler Ivan III Vasilyevich. And Nikolai Karamzin exalted this statesman even higher than Peter I. He, the Grand Duke of Moscow, rules for the country from 1462 to 1505, sowing to increase the territory of the state from 24 thousand kilometers square to 64 thousand. But the main thing - he finally managed to save Rus from the duty every year to pay a huge fear of the Golden Horde.Childhood and youth
Ivan was born the third in January 1440. The boy became the senior son of the Great Moscow Prince Vasily II Vasilyevich and Mary Yaroslavna, granddaughter of Prince Vladimir Brave. When Ivan was 5 years old, his father was captured to Tatars. In the Moscow principality, he was immediately raised to the throne of the senior from the kind of descendants of Ivan Kalita - Prince Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyak. For his liberation, Vasily II was forced to promise Tatars ransom, after which the prince was released. Arriving in Moscow, Ivan's father again occupied the throne, and Shemyak went to Uglich.
Many contemporaries were unhappy with the actions of the prince, who only worsened the position of the people, increasing the tribute for the horde. Dmitry Yuryevich became the organizer of the conspiracy against the Grand Prince, together with the colleagues took Vasily II captured and blinded it. Approximate Vasily II and his children managed to escape in Murom. But soon the dismissal prince, by that time he received a nickname Dark because of blindness, went to Tver. There he enlisted the support of the Grand Prince Boris Tver, having wrapped six-year-old Ivan with his daughter Maria Borisovna.
Soon Vasily managed to restore power in Moscow, and after the death of the shemyaks, civilians finally stopped. Having married in 1452 with the bride, Ivan became a companion of his father. In his submission, Pereslavl-Zalessky was the city, and at 15 years old Ivan has already made the first trip against the Tatar. By 20 years, the young prince led the Moscow Principality's army.
At 22, Ivan had to take the board independently: Vasily II was pressed.
Governing body
After the death of Father Ivan, the third inherited the largest and most significant goal, which included part of Moscow and the largest cities: Kolomna, Vladimir, Pereyaslavl, Kostroma, Ustyug, Suzdal, Nizhny Novgorod. Ivan's brothers Andrei Bolshaya, Andrei, Little and Boris, fell into the Office of Uglich, Vologda and Volokolamsk.Ivan III, as the father bequeathed, continued his gathering policies. He consolidated the Russian state by all possible means: where diplomacy and persuasion, and where and the force. In 1463, Ivan III managed to attach the Yaroslavl Principality, in the 1474th state increased by Rostov's land.
But it was just the beginning. Rus continued to put up, faster than the huge expanses of Novgorod lands. Then, Tver surrendered to the mercy of the winner, and he gradually moved to the possession of Ivan the Great Vyatka and Pskov.
The Grand Duke managed to win in two wars with Lithuania, taking into account the considerable part of Smolensky and Chernihiv princes. Tribute Ivan III paid the Livonian Order.
A significant event during the reign of Ivan III was the joining of Novgorod. The great Moscow Principality was trying to attach Novgorod since the time of Ivan Kalita, but it was possible only to set down the city of Tan. Novgorod sought to preserve independence from Moscow and even looking for support from the Lithuanian principality. From the final step, they held them only that Orthodoxy in this case was subjected to danger.
However, with the waters of the Lithuanian island, Prince Mikhail Oleolkovich, in 1470, Novgorod signed an agreement with King Casemir. Having learned about this, Ivan III sent ambassadors to the northern city, and after unsululting in a year he began the war. During the Shelon battle, Novgorods were broken, but no help was followed from Lithuania. As a result of the negotiations, Novgorod was declared the victim of the Moscow Prince.
Six years later, Ivan III took another trip to Novgorod, after the boy's boyars refused to recognize his sovereign. Two years, the Grand Duke led the cloister for Novgorod, the siege ultimately finally subordinate to himself the city. In 1480, the resettlement of Novgorod residents began in the land of the Moscow Principality, and Moscow Boyars and merchants - to Novgorod.
But the main thing - from 1480 the Grand Duke Moscow stopped paying the tribute to the Ordans. Rus, finally, sighed from 250 years of yoke. It is noteworthy that it was possible to achieve liberation without bloodshed. In the whole summer of the troops of Ivan the Great and Khan Akhmat stood against each other. They were separated only by the Ugrome River (famous standing in the thief). But the battle did not take place - the Ordans went away with anything. In the game nerves won the army of the Russian prince.
And during the reign of Ivan III, the current Moscow Kremlin appeared, erected from brick on the site of an old wooden building. A court of state laws were written and adopted, a trial, a selection of a young power. We also appeared primators of diplomacy and the advanced landowner system for its time. Start being formed serfdom. Peasants who used to go from one owner to another freely, were now limited to the term of Yurian Day. For the transition of peasants, a certain time of year was highlighted - a week before and after the autumn holiday George Victorious.
Thanks to Ivan, the Third Great Principality of Moscow turned into a strong state, which was learned in Europe. And Ivan the Great himself turned out to be the first Russian ruler, called the "State Duch of All Russia." Historians argue that the current Russia is based on the foundation that Ivan III Vasilyevich laid with its activities. Even the double-headed eagle - and he mocked the coat of arms after the rule of the Grand Duke Moskovsky. Another borrowed by the Byzantium symbol of the Moscow principality was the image of George Victorious, striking Zmia Spere.
They argue that the doctrine "Moscow - the Third Rome" began at the time of the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich. As not surprising, because with it, the sizes of the state increased almost 3 times.
Personal life Ivan III
The first wife of Ivan the Great was the princess Tverskaya Maria. But she died, giving birth to her husband of the only son of Ivan the young.
Personal life Ivan III has changed 3 years after the death of his wife. Marriage on an enlightened Greek princess, a niece and skeleton of the last emperor Byzantium Zoe Paleologist, turned out to be a fateful as for the sovereign himself and for all Russia. Sofia Paleologist's baptized in Orthodoxy brought a lot of new and useful in the archaic life.
An etiquette appeared at the court. Sophia Fominichna Paleologist insisted at the restructuring of the capital, "wringing" from Europe of the famous Roman architects. But the main thing is that it was she who simplified her husband to decide to refuse to pay tribute to the Golden Horde, because the boyars were extremely afraid of such a radical step. Supported by the loyal spouse, the sovereign broke the next khan, which the Tatar ambassadors brought him.
Probably, Ivan and Sophia really loved each other. The husband listened to the wise advice of his enlightened wife, although it did not like his boyars, who had previously had a renewed influence on the prince. In this marriage, which has become the first dynastic, numerous offspring appeared - 5 sons and 4 daughters. To one of the sons, Vasily III, passed state power.
Death of Ivan III
Ivan III survived his beloved wife only for 2 years. It was not October 27, 1505. The Grand Duke was buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral.Later, in 1929, the relics of both wives of Ivan the Great - Mary Borisovna and Sofia Paleologist were transferred to the basement of this temple.
Memory
Memory of Ivan III is immortalized in a number of sculptural monuments that are located in Kaluga, Naryan Mare, in Moscow, in Veliky Novgorod on the Millennium of Russia monument. The biographies of the Grand Duke are devoted to several documentaries, including from the Rus rulers series. The story of the love of Ivan Vasilyevich and Sofia Paleologist was based on the plot of the Russian series Alexey Andrianova "Sofia", where the main roles were played by Evgeny Tsyganov and Maria Andreeva.
The series "Grozny", published in the 2020s, became the continuation of this historical project. The role of Ivan III again went to Tsyganov, the image of Ivan the Terrible embodied the actors Alexander Yatsenko and Sergey Makovetsky. Also in the picture, Yuri Kolokolnikov, Victor Sukhorukov, Tatyana Lyalina.