Biography
Sergey Pavlovich Korolev is an outstanding Soviet designer and a scientist of the 20th century, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the founder of cosmonautics, the creator of the programs and the largest specialist in the field of rocket construction and shipbuilding.
Sergey Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 (according to old style December 31, 1906) in Zhytomyr. His father was a teacher, from the allocating. After the collapse of the boy's family was sent to Nezhin to the parents of the mother, where he was brought up in a merchant family. Since 1917, he lives in Odessa with his mother Maria Nikolaevna and Schupih Gregory Mikhailovich Balanin. He studied the school curriculum at home, from 1922 to 1924 he studied in a construction school.
Interesting facts from biography:
- In 1921, he meets the pilots of the hydropouts and participates in aviation life: at age 16 he reads lectures on aviation. The first invention, created at the age of 17, is an inspector of the K-5 aircraft recommended for construction.
- 1924-1926 - studies in the Kiev Polytech.
- In 1926 he was transferred to Moscow to the Higher Technical School. Participates in the organization of the planer School, becomes an instructor and a planer tester, finishes the school of pilots, visits the aerodynamic circle and develops light airplanes and gliders. Starting from the fourth year, it works in the KB.
- From 1927, four times in a row participates in all-union planer competitions in Koktebel.
- In 1929, it is found with K. E. Tsiolkovsky, who advises him to engage in space flights gives the book "Space Rocket Trains" and recommends to appeal to Friedrich Artururovich Zagder - Engineer TsAGI (Central Aero Hydrodynamic Institute).
- In February 1930, under the leadership of A.N. Tupolev protects the project of the SC-4 aircraft. At the same time, Queen creates a glider of SK-3 "Red Star", on which Nesterov loops were performed in the free flight. The designer could not fly itself, as it fell sick with a complication in the form of deafness and memory loss. He had a phenomenal memory before his illness.
- In March 1931, he begins to work in Tsight by the senior engineer on flight tests. The main event of this period is a meeting with the Zander, which is engaged in testing the engine OR-1. Queen turns to work. In September 1931, the group headed by Zander starts the development and test of RP-1 rocketoplane with a liquid engine.
The first steps of domestic rocket lighting
Sergei Korolev is headed by the Scientific and Technical Council of the Moscow Gird. Priority attention is paid to rocket weapons necessary to strengthen the country's defense capability. Korolev creates the first KB, from the members of the CGIR, which included in the history of rocket lights.
Here most directions of domestic rocket lighting began. The achievement of this period was the launch of a liquid rocket Gird-09, rising to a height of 400 m. The results of their work Korolev describes in the book "Rocket Flight in the Stratosphere" (1934). It also covers the possibilities of non-semicircle missiles in military and scientific purposes.
In September 1933, the 26-year-old queen appoint the Deputy Director of the Reactive Institute. The hopes of Girdovtsy about the transition to serious projects were not justified, the theme of development was reduced, and in 1934 Korolev was released from office. He stayed at the institute by an ordinary engineer, focusing on the development of winged missiles.
Managed rocket weapon
In 1936, Korolev was appointed chief designer of the Rini Development, developing rocket aircraft. Sergey possessed amazing intuition, encyclopedic knowledge and experience. For the first time, they were justified the concept of a missile fighter-interceptor, reaching a few minutes of high height, attacing aircraft, threatening the protected object.
During the tests that Korolev planned to spend personally, an accident happened, during which the designer got the wound of the head and was on the hospital bed. After the hospital, on June 27, 1938 he was arrested as a participant in the Trotskyist counter-revolutionary organization. The queen was sentenced to ten years and sent to Kolyma.
In connection with the arrest of Marshal Tukhachevsky and the authors of the new weapons, the development stopped. Research of RocketOplane, who was engaged in Korolev, was continued, but without his participation to build a combat missile plane was not possible.
Victory and trophies
In September 1940, at the petition of Tupolev (although he himself was arrested in 1938) the queen was called from Kolyma. He immediately began to develop a new bombarder. After the first flight in December 1941, the Tupolev team was evacuated to Omsk. Here the aircraft Tu-2 was launched into production. It was the best front-line bomber.
Sergey Korolev continued to work in the prison KB Kazan, studying the development of the aviation rocket installation. According to the results of his activity, he was awarded the Order of the Hall Sign and freed from prison. At the end of the war, he creates projects of RDD D-1 and D-2 with solid fuel engines. It turned out that in Germany, such projects were already implemented, so it is sent to German enterprises. Korolev comes to the conclusion that he has the opportunity to create such missiles, but with improved characteristics.
In May 1946, the Soviet leadership takes a decree, which began the beginning of the development of rocket construction. In Moscow Region Kaliningrad (Korolev today), the state allied reactive weapons (NII-88) is created. Korolev is appointed by one of his main designers.
Next, events are developing rapidly:
- At the direction of Stalin, a copy of the German rocket is created;
- Tests of A-4 missiles collected from trophy nodes in Nordhausen and NII-88 institutions;
- The first R-1 missiles are tested, reproducing A-4 from their materials on domestic documentation.
Constructor
Sergey Korolev turned out to be not only a talented designer, but also by the organizer who managed to coordinate the work of all divisions.
The development of vertices of military equipment began with creating a rocket with a range of 300 km. In 1948, the R-2 rocket is created with a range of 600 km, capable of achieving some American bases. As a result of further developments, RDD R-5M with a range of 1,200 km and a nuclear combat part appears. Tests of the strategic missile were carried out at the Semipalatinian landfill on February 2, 1956.
The main direction of the queen was the development of multistage intercontinental missiles. The R-7 Ballistic Rocket (ICBM) created by him had a range of 8 thousand km., Modernized version of the IBC R-7A - 12 thousand km. Liquid ICBM lost to American solid fuel, therefore, an experimental RT-1 rocket was created on solid fuel. Modern rocket complexes are equipped with solid fuel rockets, based on the ICBR RT-2, created by the Queen.
Cosmonautics
Military developments were for the queen condition for the further development of space. On October 4, 1957, an artificial satellite was launched for the first time in the history of earthlings. A month, on November 3, a second satellite was sent to the orbit, on board which was a dog husky. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin flew into space.
In implementations of these projects, specialists of the Council of the Chief Designers Created by the Queen were involved. With his life, another seven flights of manned ships were successfully implemented, satellites, space scientific stations and systems were launched.
The life of the chief designer broke down early, it happened on January 14, 1966. The cause of death was the surgical operation, during which the heart stopped. After its care, the pace of development of space programs has decreased. None in Russia, nor in the United States has emerged equal to the scale of the personality and talent of man.
Personal life
Sergey Korolev was married twice. The first time he married August 1931 on a classmate Ksenia Vintsitini, in 1935 she gave him a daughter.
In 1948, the family broke up.
With the second wife, Nina Ivanovna Kotenkova, who was a translator in the NII-88, he met at work.