Biography
Valentina Tereshkova is the first woman in the space. To this day, it remains the only woman in the world who sent to the space flight alone, without assistants and partners. She also became the first woman in Russia, awarded the title of Major General. It is in this rank of Tereshkova and resigned in 1997, at the age of sixty. Valentina Tereshkova forever wisted his name in the history of the Soviet Union, Russia and the whole world.Childhood and youth
The biography of this woman begins in the village of Big Maslennikovo Yaroslavl region. Valentine's parents began to come from Belarusian peasants. They got married by chance: the guy was woven to the girlfriend Elena, but the girl refused to him. Then Lena admitted that he would marry such a groom. Vladimir did not think for a long time - immediately offered her a wedding to play. The first young sister of Valentina Lyudmila appeared first in the young family.
Elena Tereshkova worked in a textile enterprise, and his father was a tractor driver. He participated in the battles during the Soviet-Finnish war and died. The younger brother of Girls Volodya was born after the death of the Father. Elena Fedorovna no longer married.
As a child, Tereshkova visited Yaroslavl school, received high marks, and also learned to play at Dom (the girl had a good musical hearing). From peers, she was distinguished by stubborn character and courage - he sat down without fear on the horse, jumped down his head in the river. In childhood, I dreamed of becoming a train engine, but my mother did not allow the railway.
Having completed the basic seven-year-old school education, she decided to help the mother in the content of the family and settled on the post of braceletman on the Yaroslavl tire plant. This work was physically difficult, but paid well. However, throwing an extreme girl did not intend to: Labor weekdays ended with classes in the evening school.
The next stage of the life of Valentina Vladimirovna also did not foretell those heights that she had to be achieved. So, she graduated in absentia in the technical school of light industry. In his youth, 7 years worked with a weaver on a nearby combine called "Red Perepop". At this time, Tereshkova began to get involved in parachute sports. She gladly went to the local aerosloj and fearlessly jumped from large heights.
Personal life
Private life Tereshkova has always kept under the castle, and it was not accepted at that time to make close relationships before marriage. Nevertheless, Press mentioned Robert Siline, with whom she visited Aeroslavl in Yaroslavl. After leaving to Moscow, their communication ceased. Later, Valentin Aristov was courted behind the girl. Together, young people walked around the city, visited the cinema.The first husband is Tereshkova became the cosmonaut Adria Nikolaev. His name was also well known to Soviet citizens: Adriain was the first to spend four days in space. He became a member of the military experiment on finding a man in an orbit without a spafard. Relations between cosmonauts originated on vacation in the Sochi Sanitatorian Sanatorium. A couple spent a lot of time together, walking in the park and sunbathing on the beach.
The wedding took place in 1963, in the photo of the guests of this ceremony you can see Nikita Khrushchev. He ordered a celebration on the occasion of marriage in the Government House. Later, the holiday continued in a star town.
A year later, heirs appeared in the family - Elena's daughter. The physician has shown increased attention to the infant: the girl became the world's first child, both parents of which visited space. Pregnancy Valentina leaks hard, she was in the hospital all time. The unrest added the fact that all dogs who visited the space were born dead young or puppies with injuries.
The girl appeared on the world weakened, but absolutely normal, although there were rumors in the people for a long time that Elena was born blind and deaf, as well as with superflores and fingers.
The family broke up in 1982, when the daughter of Adryan and Valentina turned 18 years old. After their divorce Elena took the last name Mother. Subsequently, in an interview, Tereshkova recognized that in the circle of loved ones, her husband showed himself a despot, because of which their personal life went to no. Nikolaev never married the second time. Cosmonaut explained that it is difficult to find family happiness a second time, besides a woman, a friend is not so easy to meet.
Vladimirovna's second husband Valentina Vladimirovna became Major General of Julius Shaposhnikov. There were no children in this marriage. But Elena Tereshkova presented his mother's grandchildren Alexei Majorov and Andrei Rodionova. The eldest has already visited the army, studied at Moscow State University, the youngest is fond of the game on the violin. Both call their famous grandmother of the shafts.
It is noteworthy that both Elena's husband turned out to be pilots. The only heiress Valentina Tereshkova works in cyto in the specialty "Surgeon-orthopedist". She chose his profession thanks to his stepfather, who also specialized in orthopedics. Tereshkova and Shaposhnikov soul lived in the soul, but in 1999 the spouse died from cancer.
Despite the retirement age, Valentina Vladimirovna boasts strong health. In 2004, she made a complicated heart surgery, because otherwise she would have suffered a heart attack. Since then, Valentina Vladimirovna has not been reported on serious health issues.
Career
Valentina's hobby predicted her fate. By a happy coincidence, just at that time, the Soviet scientist Sergey Korolev caught fire the idea to send a woman into space. The idea was adopted favorably, and in early 1962, the search for the representative of the beautiful gender, which was to get the proud title of cosmonaut. The criteria were the following: parachutes under the age of 30 years, weighing up to 70 kg, taking up to 170 cm.
Soviet women wishing to go to space was surprisingly a lot. Employees of the Soviet Industry of Cosmonautics were looking for an ideal appropriate challenger from hundreds of candidates. As a result of the hard selection, five "finalists" were identified: Irina Solovyova, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Zhanna Yörkin, Valentina Ponomareva and Valentina Tereshkova.
The girls were officially intended for military service, received ranks of ordinary and began to work hard. Initially, Tereshkova passed the training program in the rank of the cosmonaut's listener of the second detachment, but already in 1962, successfully passing the exams, became the cosmonaut of the first detachment of the first department.
Training included techniques for the development of the body's stability to the peculiarities of the space flight. For example, girls studied to move in weightlessness, experienced the resources of the body in the thermocamera and the Survocamera, carried out parachute preparations, mastered the use of the skatera.
Training in Surdocamera (room, isolated from external sounds) lasted for 10 days. Each of the five contenders on the role of the first cosmonaut's female spent 10 days in the illusion of complete silence and loneliness.
When choosing the applicant, which was to fly, took into account the passage of training, the level of practical training, knowledge of theory, the results of medical examinations. The origin of the candidate was taken into account.
The fact that Valentina Vladimirovna was coming from a simple working family who had lost its breadwinner during the war, he played her hand. Also important aspects were political crawliness of the flyers, the ability to conduct social activities, glorifying the Communist Party.
If, in the first two points, other candidates were inferior to Tereshkova, then in the skills of performances in public they were not equal. Valentina Vladimirovna easily communicated with journalists and other people, gave laconic and natural answers to questions, while not forgotten to lead a few words about the magnitude of the Communist Party.
As a result, she was chosen by the main candidate for the flight into space. The status of a duplicating cosmonaut received Irina Solovyov, and Valentina Ponomarev appointed a spare applicant.
The first woman went to space on June 16, 1963. Valentina Vladimirovna, the sixth cosmonaut of the USSR, was given a gull. The last phrase, which Tereshkova uttered before the start, became a line from the poem Vladimir Mayakovsky "Cloud in the pants": "Hey! Sky! Take a hat! "
Valentina Tereshkova went into space on the ship "Vostok-6", taking off from Baikonur (not from the site with which Yuri Gagarin started, and with duplicating). The way the first cosmonaut woman conducted a start, which reports voiced, received a high assessment of specialists. They assured Tereshkova held a start better than experienced cosmonaut men.
Soon after the start, the well-being of Tereshkova worsened, she moved little, did not eat and sluggishly led negotiations with ground stations. Nevertheless, she lasted three days, 48 revolutions around the Earth, and on the route regularly led the logbook.
For a while before the alleged landing, the first woman-astronaut have problems with the equipment of the spacecraft. Due to improper installation of Valentine's wires, Tereshkova did not orient the ship manually. The error of matching the simulator to the real device was affected: the algorithm of action on them was different.
However, "Cosmos 6" was still oriented and planted on the surface of the Earth through the use of an automatic mode, in which such a problem did not occur. This case was later studied in the Design Bureau, and the discrepancies were eliminated. Korolev personally asked Valentina Vladimirovna not to mention this error in the equipment. She kept this secret for 40 years.
Upon completion of the flight (the ship arrived in the Altai Territory) Valentina Vladimirovna distributed products from their diet to local residents, and herself eaten the traditional food of these places. By this, she violated a medical experiment to study the influence of a special diet to the gastrointestinal tract during a person's stay in weightlessness.
It, as well as bad well-being, Tereshkova, as well as problems with the orientation of the ship, upset Sergey Queen. He even promised not to let any longer a single woman in space until his death. The next similar flight occurred much later the care of a gifted engineer from life.
Since then, Valentina Tereshkova has no longer flew into space. She became an instructor-astronaut, worked at the center of training cosmonauts as a senior researcher, even graduated from the Zhukovsky Military Air Engineering Academy, becoming a professor and writing over five dozen scientific papers. Valentina Vladimirovna declared that it was ready to go to the flight to Mars (in one end flight).
The feat of a woman-astronaut remained forever in history, which confirmation is a lot of awards. In honor of this event, the Uglich plant has established the release of the "Seagull" clock. A small planet was also called call sign, a small planet was also called, the pilot name received a crater on the moon. In honor of Tereshkova, monuments opened, a museum was organized in a small homeland. Her portrait was placed on the Soviet coin.
Valentina Vladimirovna was dedicated to the song "Girl Seagull" performed by Muslim Magomayev, Valentina performed by Sofia Rotaru, "Seagull (Valentine)" Natalia Ivanova. Her story was told in the books, and in 2017 the documentary film "I always look at the stars."
Tereshkova continues to engage in politics. In the times of the Soviet Union, she was a member of the CPSU, and in the 2000s he was elected to the deputy of the regional Duma of the Native Yaroslavl region from the United Russia party. She also participated in the opening ceremony of the Sochi Olympic Games of 2014, became the president of the Charitable Foundation "Memory of Generations", contributed to the opening of the university and a number of other institutions in Yaroslavl.
So, in 2011, during the next parliamentary elections, Tereshkov was elected by a deputy of the State Duma. The first cosmonaut woman loves his native region, helps the Yaroslavl Children's Home, Native School. Valentina Vladimirovna is engaged in the improvement of the city, opens new educational, production, infrastructure institutions in it. Her name was called a children's sports and wellness camp.
Anniversary (80 years old) Valentina Vladimirovna celebrated March 6, 2017. She retired Major General, spends a lot of time with his family, and also continues to engage in political career. At its account - participation in the creation of 21 legislative initiatives. Her name carries a charity foundation, which is engaged in the help of veterans and participants of hostilities.
In 2018, Tereshkova, one of many State Duma deputies, made a retirement age. This act was negatively perceived by society, and the reputation of a cosmonaut's woman was shaken.
Valentina Tereshkova now
Now, Valentine's deputy Tereshkova can be accessed through the State Duma's website, where she has a personal page. Valentina Vladimirovna is also covered in "Instagram".
In March 2020, Valentina Tereshkova made a proposal for removal of all restrictions on the number of deadlines to which the head of state can be calculated. For amendment in the State Duma voted by the majority.
The deputy fell out accusations of unprincipledness, negative comments on the network appeared. Nevertheless, Tereshkova confirmed in an interview that such a proposal was asked to make ordinary people. No political goals in their speech deputy did not pursue. After making amendment, she began to receive letters with gratitude for the "preservation of Vladimir Putin".
A few days later, Rosreestr classified data on Valentina Tereshkova property. Earlier, a house of 700 square meters was officially declared on the name of Major General. m and three apartments, including apartments in the Pomegratovaya Lane of Moscow worth 200 million rubles.
Despite all the previous achievements of Valentina Vladimirovna, a group of scientists and public figures has created a petition about the deprivation of thoroughly different ranks, including an honorary citizen of several cities. In Novosibirsk, they were offered to rename the street of Valentina Tereshkova, assigning it the name of another pilot Svetlana Savitskaya. That in turn gave a voice against these political initiatives.