Biography
The biography of Nikolai Pirogov, whom contemporaries dubbed the "wonderful doctor" - a vivid example of a selfless service of medical science. The inconspicuous number of discoveries that saved the life of thousands of people still used in medicine.Childhood and youth
The future genius of world medicine was born in a large family of an official of the military department. Nicholas had thirteen brothers and sisters, many of whom were still in the youngster. Father Ivan Ivanovich was educated and achieved great career success. In his wife, he took a good fit girl from an old merchant kind, which became a housewife and the mother of their numerous children. Parents paid special attention to the upbringing of Chad: Boys were determined to study in prestigious institutions, and girls received education at home.
The family of pyrrows loved to read and had an impressive library in the house. Parents lived together and pious, every Sunday the family visited the church, observed posts and honored religious holidays.
Among the guests of the hospitable parental house there were many doctors who were willing to play with curious Nikolai and told entertaining stories from practice. Therefore, from Early years, he decided to become or a military as a father, or a doctor, like their home Dr. Mukhin, with whom the boy became a bigger.
Nicholas Ros to the abusive child, early learned to read and spent the days after the father's library. From eight years, he began to invite teachers, and in eleven were given to the private board of Moscow.
Soon the material difficulties began in the family: the eldest son Ivan Ivanovich Peter seriously played, and his father had an embarrassment, which was to cover from their own funds. Therefore, children had to pick up from prestigious guesthouses and translate to home learning.
Family Dr. Mukhin, who has long noticed the ability of Nicholas to medicine, contributed to the university to the medical faculty. For the gifted young men, an exception was made, and he became a student at fourteen years, and not at sixteen, as required by the rules.
My school, Nikolai combined with work in an anatomical theater, where he received invaluable experience in surgery and finally decided on the choice of further profession.
Medicine and pedagogy
After graduating from the University of Pirogov, directed to the city of Derpt (now Tartu), where he worked at the local university for five years and at twenty two years he defended his doctoral dissertation. The scientific work of Pirogov transferred to German, and soon they were interested in Germany. A talented doctor was invited to Berlin, where Pies worked for two years with leading German surgeons.
Returning to his homeland, a man expect to receive the department at Moscow University, but she was taken by another person who had the necessary connections. Therefore, pies stayed in Derpete and immediately became famous for the entire district of fantastic skill. Nikolai Ivanovich was easily taken for the most difficult operations, which no one did before him, describing the details in the pictures. Soon the pies becomes a professor of surgery and leaves for France to explore local clinics. The institutions did not impress him, and the famous Paris Surgeon Velpo Nikolai Ivanovich found for reading his monograph.
Upon returning to Russia, he was offered to lead the department of surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg, and soon Piroggers opened the first surgical hospital for a thousand beds. In St. Petersburg, the doctor worked for 10 years and during that time wrote scientific works on applied surgery and anatomy. Nikolai Ivanovich came up with and controlled the manufacture of the necessary medical instruments, continuously operated on in his own hospital and consulted in other clinics, and at night worked in anatomic, often in unsanitary conditions.
Such a lifestyle could not do not affect the health status of the doctor. The news helped the news that the highest command of the sovereign was approved by the project of the world's first Anatomical Institute, over which Pirogov worked in recent years. Soon the first successful operation was carried out using the essential anesthesia, which was a breakthrough in world medical science, and a constructed mask for anesthesia was still applied in medicine.
In 1847, Nikolai Ivanovich leaves for Caucasian War to test scientific developments in the field. There he spent ten thousand operations using anesthesia, applied in practice the bandages impregnated with starch, which became a prototype of modern gypsum bandage.
In the fall of 1854, pies with a group of doctors and nurses went to the Crimean War, where he became the main surgeon in the Sevastopol surrounded by the enemy. Thanks to the efforts of the Sisters of Mercy created by him, a huge number of Russian soldiers and officers were saved. He developed a completely new in the same time a system of evacuation, transportation and sorting wounded in combat conditions, thus laid the foundations of modern military field medicine.
Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Nikolai Ivanovich met with the emperor and shared his considerations about the problems and disadvantages of the Russian army. Alexander II was angry with a boldhekoyhekih, and did not want to listen to him. Since then, Pirogov fell into disgrace at the courtyard and was appointed trustee of the Odessa and Kiev districts. He sent their activities to reform the system of existing school education, which again caused the dissatisfaction with the authorities. Pirogov developed a new system, which concluded four stages:
- primary school (2 years) - mathematics, grammar;
- Incomplete secondary school (4 years) - general education program;
- Secondary school (3 years) - general education program + languages + applied items;
- Higher School: Higher Educational Institutions
In 1866, Nikolai Ivanovich moved with his family to his estate in Vinnitsa Gubernia, where he opened a free clinic and continued his medical practice. Sick and the suffering came to the "Wonderful Doctor" from all over Russia.
He did not leave scientific activities, writing in the cherry work on military field surgery that glorified his name.
Pirogov traveled abroad, where he took part in scientific conferences and seminars, and during one of the trips he was asked to provide medical assistance to Garibaldi.
Emperor Alexander II again remembered the famous surgeon during the Russian-Turkish war and asked him to join the military campaign. Pirogov agreed on condition that he would not be disturbed and limited the freedom of action. Arriving in Bulgaria, Nikolai Ivanovich took up the organization of military hospitals, passing for three months 700 seven hundred kilometers and visiting twenty settlements. For this, the emperor complained to him the Order of the White Eagle and a golden tobacco with diamonds decorated with a portrait of a self-container.
Last years, the great scientist dedicated to the medical practice and writing the "diary of an old doctor," by completing it before the death itself.
Personal life
The first time Pirogov married in 1841 on the granddaughter of General Tatishchev, Ekaterina Berezina. Their marriage lasted only four years, the spouse died from the complications of severe childbirth, leaving behind two sons after himself.
After eight years, Nikolai Ivanovich married Baroness Alexander von Bistrom, a relative of the famous navigator Kruzenshtern. She became the faithful assistant and comrades, her efforts were opened a surgical clinic in Kiev.
Death
The cause of the death of Pirogov served as a malignant tumor, which appeared on the oral mucosa. He was examined by the best doctors of the Russian Empire, but could not help. The Great Surgeon died in the winter of 1881 in Cherry. Relatives said that at the time of the agony there was a lunar eclipse. The spouse of the deceased decided to breathe his body, and, having received the resolution of the Orthodox Church, invited the student Pirogova Davida Roddodov, who had long been engaged in this subject.
The body was placed in a special crypt with a window, which was subsequently erected by the church. After the revolution, it was decided to preserve the body of a great scientist and conduct work to restore it. This plans were prevented by the war, and the first gonogenation was carried out only in 1945 by specialists in Moscow, Leningrad and Kharkov. Now the same group is engaged in the preservation of the body of Pirogov, which supports the state of Lenin's bodies, Kim Il Siena and Ho Chi Minh.
Manor Pirogov remained to this day, there is now organized the Museum of the Great Scientist. It annually holds pirogov readings on the contribution of the surgeon to world medicine, international medical conferences are collected.