Biography
The name of this philosopher is familiar to everyone. Confucius is the most famous Chinese. The teaching of an ancient thinker is based on state ideology. It influenced the lives of East Asia. Confucianism has not been inflicted in China for its significance Buddhism. Although religion issues in the philosophy of Confucianism are not affected, the name of Confucius was inscribed in religious pantheon.Confucius is an innovator in the idea of building moral, complete harmony of society. Following the rules of philosophy, a person will be in harmony with him and the outside world. The popularity of the aphorisms and judgments of Confucius did not fade and 20 centuries after death.
Childhood and youth
Biography of Kun, the descendant of which is Confucius, is thoroughly described by historians of medieval China. Confucius - the descendant of Wei Tzu, the commander of the emperor Dynasty Zhou Chen-Wan. For loyalty to the Emperor Wei-Tzu received the Principality of Sun and Title Zhu Hou. By the time of birth, the confusion of the genus Wei Tzu was already sick and moved to the kingdom of Lou in the north of China. Father Confucius Shulyan He had two wives. The first gave birth to nine daughters. The second gave birth to a son, but a weak boy died.
In 551 BC. 63-year-old Shuuang He Heir gave birth to the concubine Yan Zhengzay, who at that time was almost seventeen. According to the legend, it rose to the hill, under the tute tree. At the time of the birth of a baby from under the ground scored a source in which he was wrapped. After water, leak stopped. Father briefly lived after the birth of the son. When the confusion was one and a half years, Shulyan He left this world. Yan Zhengzay, who was unbelievable eldest wives, left her husband's house and moved closer to his relatives, to Tsyufu. Yan Zhengzay with a boy lived independently. Confucius since childhood had to know the deprivation.
The Mother Confucius inspired the boy that he should be a worthy successor of the genus. Although a small family lived in poverty, the boy worked diligently, mastering the knowledge necessary by China's aristocrat. Special attention was paid to arts. The diligence in his studies had a fruit: 20-year-old Confucius were appointed to respond to the Bars of the Ji Principality of the Lou in East China. And then put answered the cattle.
Doctrine
Confucius lived in the era of the sunset of the Empire Zhou. The emperor gradually lost power, giving off the ruler of individual principalities for the deposit. The patriarchal device of the state has declined. Internecial wars led the people to impoverish.
In 528 BC NS. Yan Zhengzay died, Mother Confucius. Following the traditions of mourning for a relative, he left three-year resigns. This care allowed the philosopher to explore the ancient books and create a philosophical treatise on the rules of relationships in building a harmonious state.
When a philosopher was 44 years old, he was put on the ruler of the residence of the principality of Lou. For some time he was the head of the judicial service. From the height of the station, Confucius appealed to the authority to punish the people only in the case of disobedience, and in other cases - "to explain to people their duties and learning."
Confucius has worked for some time by an official of several principalities. But the impossibility of humility with the new policy of the state made resigned. He began to ride in China along with the students, preaching the philosophical teaching.
Only at the 60th age of Confucius returned to his native Tsyufu and did not leave to death. The rest of his life Confucius held with students, working on the systematization of the wise book heritage of China: "Books of songs", "Books of Change" and other foliants of Chinese philosophy. Of the classical heritage of the Confucius itself, the authenticity of only one - "Spring and Autumn" is reliably established.
China's historians have about 3 thousand students of the philosopher, but it is reliably known about 26. Yan-yuan is considered a favorite student of Confucius.
According to the quotes of statements of the ancient philosopher, his students consisted of the book of the sayings of the "Lun Yu" ("conversations and judgments"). Created by Da-Xye ("Great Teaching") - a book about the path of improving a person, "Zhong-Yun" ("Book about the middle") - about the path of comprehending harmony.
Confucianism
In the era of the Board of the Han dynasty (2 century BC - 3 century AD) Confucius's teaching was built into the rank of ideology of the Middle Kingdom. At this time, Confucianism became a pillar of Chinese morality and formed a lifestyle of the Chinese people. Confucianism played a decisive role in the formation of the appearance of Chinese civilization.
The basis of Confucian philosophy is the construction of society, the basis of which is harmony. Each member of this society is in its place and performs the function destined to it. The basis of relations between tops and nizami is loyalty. Philosophy is built on five main qualities inherent in righteous person: respect, justice, ritual, wisdom, decency.
"Zhen" - "respect", "generosity", "kindness", a fundamental category in Chinese philosophy. This is the main of the five benevolences that a person should have. Zhen includes three main components: love and compassion for people, the correct attitude of two people among themselves, the attitude of a person to the world around the world, including in inanimate subjects. The man, comprehended by Zhen, is in equilibrium with the outside world, performing the "golden rule of morality": "Do not impose something that you do not want yourself." The symbol "Zhen" - a tree.
"And" - "Justice". The person next "and" does it not from selfish motivations, but because the path "and" is the only true. It is based on reciprocity: the parents were raised, and you are in gratitude to honor them. "And" balances "Zhen", giving a person a hardness in confrontation of egoism. A noble man is looking for justice. The symbol "and" - metal.
"Lee" - "Ritual", means "decency", "Ethics", "ceremony". In this concept, the Chinese philosopher has invested due to the rituals of behavior to smooth conflicts that prevent the state of world unity. The man who mastered the "Lee," not only honors the elders, but also understands their role in society. The symbol "Lee" - fire.
"Ji" - "Wisdom". "Ji" - the quality of a noble person. "Common sense" distinguishes a person from the animal, "Ji" frees from doubt, not giving will stubbornness. Fights with stupidity. The symbol in Confucianism is water.
"Xin" - "References". The trustworthy is the one who feels good. Another value is good faith and ease. "Blue" balances "Ritual", preventing insincerity. "Xin" corresponds to Earth.
Confure has developed a scheme for achieving a goal. According to philosophy, if you follow the nine of the main rules, you can become a successful person:
- Go to your goal, even slowly, without stopping.
- Keep your tool sharpen: your luck depends on how well you are prepared.
- Do not change the goal: only methods for its achievement are not important.
- Do only truly important and interesting things for you, applying maximum efforts.
- Communicate only with those who develop: He will lead you.
- Work on yourself, do good, the world around you is the mirror of your inner "I".
- Do not allow the insults to knock you down from the way, the negative does not attract a positive to you.
- Control your anger: for everything you have to pay.
- Watch people: everyone can teach you something or warned.
As opposed to Confucianism in China, another number of philosophical schools are common. In total there are about a hundred destinations. The main place is taken by Taoism, founded by Lao Tzu and Zhuang-Ji.
In the philosophical teaching, Lao Tzu emphasizes our inextricable communication with space. For each person there is a single way designed over. People are unusual to influence the world device. The path of mankind is humility. Lao Tzu calls for a person not to try to influence the course of events around. Taoism is a philosophy with mystical beginning, which appears to human emotions. Confucianism with its rationalism appeals to the human mind.
In Europe, confuciia learned in the middle of the XVII century - with the arrival of fashion on everything that is connected with the eastern culture. The first edition of Lun Yuya in Latin came out in 1687. At this time, the Jesuit missionaryness was gaining momentum, including in China. The first visitors from Middle Kingdom came to Europe, which heated the interest of the public to the unknown and exotic.
Personal life
At the age of 19, Confucius married Kikoan Shea, a native girl. The family was born firstborn whether, more known as Bo-Yu. Then Kikoan Shi gave birth and daughter.Death
In the 66th age, the philosopher widowed. At the sunset of life, he devoted all the time to the disciples in his house in the city of Quifu. Confucius died in 479 BC. e., in 72 years. Before death, he fell into seven-day sleep.
In the city of Tsyufu (the province of Shandong, East China) on the site of the ancient thinker house built a temple. After the construction of adjacent buildings and attacks, the structure has grown to the temple complex. The burial place of Confucius and students - the object of pilgrimage is already 2 thousand years old. In 1994, UNESCO brought the temple complex, the house of Confucius and the forest around him in the "List of World Cultural Heritage Objects."
Second place after the temple in Quifu is occupied by the Beijing Temple of Confucius. He opened the doors in 1302. The area of the complex is 20,000 m². On the territory there are four courtyards standing on the "North-South" axes. In the first yard, 198 plates, on the stone of which 51624 named after people who received the degree of Jinshi (the highest degree of imperial state examinations). In the Beijing temple there are 189 steles from the stone, on which the "thirteenty-fiction" of Confucius is carved.
Memory
A year after the death of Confucius in China, the celebration of the memory of the Great Philosopher began. Memorial events in the subway resumed in 1984, then - the International Festival of Confucian culture. Congresses on Confucianism are held in China. For achieving success in the educational sphere, awards award named after Confucius. In 2009, China celebrated the 2560th anniversary of the thinker.
Since 2004, "Confucius Institutions" has been opened in the world. The idea of creating is the popularization of Chinese culture and language. Confucius institutions inhabites students and teachers in China. Organize the Kitai conferences are organized, hold the HSK language test. In addition to the "institutes" founded "classes" of a certain profile: medicine, business, etc. Financing and support provides the Ministry of Education of China together with the centers of synology.
In 2010, the Biography of Confucius was released at the rental. The main role was performed by Chow Yunfat. The project caused a lot of contradictions from the audience and critics. The Chinese counted that the actor acting on Confucius was too much in the militants and films about martial arts. He will not be able to properly convey the image of a great teacher, and turn the philosopher in the "Hero of Kung Fu". The audience was disturbed by the Cantonese actor's language (Chow Yunfat from Hong Kong), as the film was shot in the language of Putunhua.
The direct heir to Confucius Kun Jian sued a film company, demanding to remove the conversation and Nan-Tzu from the film "Romantic" scene.
Confucius experienced so many images for China's history, which sometimes causes protest in ethnographers. With the name of the philosopher, a lot of ironic parable and jokes are connected. Thus, the Chinese historian GU TZGANI advised "take one confusion at a time."
Quotes Confucius
- "Happiness is when you understand you, great happiness is when you love you, real happiness is when you love you"
- "Choose your own job, and you do not have to work for a single day in your life."
- "Three things will never return back - time, word, opportunity. Therefore: do not lose time, choose words, do not miss the opportunity "
- "If you spit in the back, then you are ahead"
Bibliography
- "Conversations and judgments"
- "Great Teaching"
- "Book about the middle"
- "Confucius about love"
- "Lunuel. Saying "
- "Confucius. Wisdom lessons »
- "Confucius. Reception. Book of songs and hymns "
- "Confucius about business"