Biography
The Great Tyrant and the killer, who subjected the state of terrible hunger and involved him in chaos of troubled time. At the same time, for 7 years of reign of Boris Godunov, Russia has strengthened the influence of its own binding, but the internal conflicts provoked the climb on the throne of the impostimitria.
Boris was born in 1552 in the landlord family, which lived near the city of Vyazma. The Godunov's pedigree is rooted to Tatarin Chet-Murze, who had seen in Russia during the reign of Ivan Kalita. Boris's ancestors - Kostroma boyars, which over time become vyazene landlords.
As a provincial nobleman, the young man was educated, but did not familiarize himself with the Holy Scriptures. The study of church books was considered the fundamental component of study, therefore the gaps in this area were not allowed. Contemporaries called the future king with a little educated and bad tramp. Literacy and calligraphic handwriting were not taken into account.
Approach to the royal retinue
In 1565, Ivan Grozny fights for the undivided power, and for this it shares Russia to the land and oprichnin. The latter creates his own thought, ministries and army. The ownership of Godunov was on the side of the urban lands, and Dmitry Ivanovich (Native Uncle Boris) signed up in the military corps. Due to the optocobal boyar, increased the state. The king appreciated the merits of Dmitry and brought to the yard, giving the surname rank.
After the death of parents, Irina and Boris Godunov, uncle took care of children. The constant connectors did not favor a full-fledged education of offspring, so Dmitry attached orphans to the Kremlin, having agreed with the autocrat. Children grew at full satisfaction with the royal heirs. Ivan Grozny loved to talk with younger Godunov and even commanded writing his own wise thoughts.
The young man attracted power and the court luxury, but the torture was amazed, which the Terrible subjected to the rebels. While in the state retinue, forcedly observed executions and the torture of the OP. The boy quickly smeared that he would not survive at a bloody yard, if not learned to control pity and emotions. Forced to take torture into the hands of the gun and "entertained" together with the Terrible and Ochrichniki.
At 18 years old took the place of public bedding. Previous executed, putting on the count. Now on the debt of the service, the young man becomes the eyes and ears of the king, heads the Kremlin economy and guard. Heads and backstage intrigues - now the native element of Boris, who is forced to fight rivals.
The intelligent courti attracted Malute to Skuratov, who feared for life and looked for faithful allies. Malyuta gave to the wife of Godunov younger daughter Maria, and Vasily Shui - the older.
In 1571, the young court sucks the son of the Terrible Relative - Evdokia Saburov. The daughter-in-law did not like the dealer who accused the girl in disrespectfulness and exiled to the monastery. Boris learned that the lustful Swarm was harassed by young beauty and sinked after a categorical failure. Godunov shared his opinion with a friend, which instantly reported information to the king.
Baptist career staggered. Now the angry terrible will give an orders for any minute. From torturenka, a man rescued a hot beloved sister Irina, who persuaded Fedor (Tsarsky Son) to resolve the issue with pardon. The girl was famous for his mind, literacy and beauty. The charming Irina has liked Fyodor since childhood, but did not pay attention to tonas-speaking courtship.
Beauty loved to read, with pleasure he studied literacy and showed advocates in mathematics. When a terrible danger was hung over his brother, Irina rushed to the royal sibling with plenty, and he convinced his father to spare the Godun family. In gratitude to the girl had to marry a fearful Fedor, Boris, Goyarin title.
Under the reign of Fedora
In 1581, the king in the heat of scandal kills his own son Ivan. Fedor Ioannovich becomes the applicant for the throne. After 3 years, Grozny dies terrible death, choking his own blood. The people rumored that the car was caught by the spilled blood of innocently killed. The new ruler becomes the only heir.
Fedor was tired of holding a gilded apple, denoting the power and gave Godunov symbol. These events, according to the courtiers, become historical. The Regent Council is urgently created in the Kremlin, which included Yuriev, Belsky, Mstislavsky, Shuisky and Godunov. The boyars understood that this king is not able to manage the country, and the cruel struggle begins at the courtyard.
The folk unrest of Godunov turned into a profitable direction, accusing Veiefs in the executions, torture and bullying over the subjects. The former favorite was sent to exile. After that, a serious struggle against the boyars families were followed, which were not going to share power with "rooted offshore." Boyar acted force, and Boris Intrigues and cunning.
Approaching the opponents, the future king decided to eliminate the last challenger for the throne. The Terrible remained another descendant - Tsarevich Dmitry, referred to her mother in Uglich. The child died in 1591, stumbled upon a knife during an attack of epilepsy. The special commission did not find traces of the crime in the death of Tsarevich. Shurin Tsar was not accused of murdering Dmitry, since the direct evidence of the guilt was found, only indirect evidence.
This moment of biography wonderfully expressed Pushkin in the tragedy "Boris Godunov" a poetic line:
"And everything is nauseous, and the head is spinning,And the boys bloody in the eyes ...
And I am glad to run, but nowhere ... terrible!
Yes, the pity is the conscience of the unclean. "
In 1869, the Composer Mussorgsky, being impressed by the poem, wrote the same name of the same name, which showed in detail the relationship between the people and the ruler.
Reform
Rarkety intrigue and skillful politician 13 years of rules of the country, hiding behind the name Fyodor John. During this period, cities, the most powerful fortresses, temples were erected in Russia. Talented builders and architects have highlighted money from the treasury. Moscow created the first water supply called Kremlin. In 1596, the Smolensk fortress wall, which protects the Western borders of Russia, will be built in 1596 by decree.
Fyodor Saveliev Boris entrusted the construction of an outer wall, a white city. Foreigners who visited Moscow wrote in diaries that it is impossible to take the city now. The Crimean Khan Kaza-Girey only confirmed the opinion of the Inomers, as it was afraid to precipitate the fortress walls. For this the royal governor, the title of "Tsarev servant", which was considered an honorary title.
Thanks to Godunov in 1595, a contract with the Swedes was signed, which graduated from the Russian-Swedish war, which lasted 3 years. Under the sensitive leadership, Rusi's policies moved to Korela, Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye. At the same time, the patriarchy was established, which allowed the Orthodox Church to move away from the Byzantine Patriarchate.
Set the term for searching for runaway peasants. Now the horses were wanted within 5 years, and after the freedom was announced. I freed the landlords from the taxes, who treated Pashnya personally, without resorting to hiring workers.
Reign
January 1598 is marked by the death of the latter from Rurikovich - Fedor. The temporary government is appointed a widow of the sovereign - Irina. There are no direct heirs of the throne, so the road to the kingdom for Godunov is free. The convened Zemsky Cathedral unanimously chose the ruler. A significant role was played by the fact that the deceased king was considered a nominal figure, and only Boris ruled by the state.
Having finished the throne, a man understands that the monomacha hat is a heavy burden. If the first three years of the reign comes to the flourishing of Russia, then subsequent events are reduced to no achievement. In 1599, he is attempted to rapprocheate with the West, realizing that the Russian people lag behind in education and medicine. The courtiers of the royal decree are gaining abroad of masters and doctors, with each of which Boris talks personally.
A year later, the sovereign decided to open a higher educational institution in Moscow, where foreign educators will work. To embody the project, excludes gifted young people in France, England, Austria, so that those have gained experience in teaching.
In 1601, the mass hunger rolled through Russia, as the crumbs and early frosts affected. The royal decree decreased taxes to help the subject. Boris took measures to save starving, distributing money from the treasury and grain. Bread prices rose a hundred times, but the autocrats did not punish speculators. The treasure and barns were empty quickly.
The peasants were fed by swan, dogs, cats. Incidents of cannibalism increased. Moscow streets were filled with corpses that Sagittarius were thrown into Sciences (common graves). Godunov appealed to the people with a request to maintain peace of mind. The human masses stirred such an appeal, the peasants counted this performance by state weakness.
127,000 people died of hunger. Rumors begin that God is sending a kara to Rus for illegal prestrol. Peasant discontent develops into a riot headed by cotton. The detachments of the rebels under the urban walls broke the army. After that, the situation has not stabilized, as it appeared rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry is alive.
Lhadmitry
Boris Godunov understands that the position of Falsmitria is much stronger than his own, because people consider the Son Son of Ivan Grozny. Trusted people collected information and provided the king of the facts that under the way Tsarevich hides an exceptionally unpleasant personality - the monk-listing of Grigory Freakyev. The Russian people believed that the true heir came, who will save from hunger and cold.
The Poles highlighted money for the collection of the Army of Freakyev, who was preparing to go for the throne. The Russians were also supported by the Russians, even the army of detachments passed under the banners of the impostor. Marauders and gangsters did not win, and Gregory-Dmitry fled to Putivl. The news was pleased with Godunov, who hardly tolerated the treachery of the court and troops.
Personal life
Maria Soscaratova became his wife of the first elective king. About the girl has little facts preserved. But those known, represent Maria in the flattering light. Pupil, submissive beauty becomes a faithful companion of her husband. For 10 years of living together, a couple did not born a single baby, and the doctors only diluted with their hands, referring to the natural mindlessness of a woman.
The desperate spouse was discharged from England an eminent doctor who managed to fix the health of the girl. Two years later, two children appeared in the family - the son of Fedor and the daughter of Ksenia. Godunov Korotal his free time in a family circle and said that he had fully resting only in the presence of loved ones. The future of his own dynasty, the ruler saw in his own children, so both provided primitive education.
The boy since childhood was prepared for the throne and taught the teachers of Europe and Moscow. Karamzin said that Fedor is "the first fruit of European education in Russia." The English ambassador Jerome Gorsay described in the diaries that warm related relationships are supported in the family of a self-container, which was considered a rarity in Russia.
Death
Boris Godunov a long time suffered from urolithiasis and the strongest migraines. By the end of life, he stopped trusting the retinue and boyars, seeing enemies everywhere except the family. Son kept with him uneaten, disturbing for the future.
On April 13, 1605, the king took English ambassadors when an apoplexy hit happened to him. From the nose and the ears of the men poured blood, and the court doctor only ran his hands, unable to help.
The boyars standing at the bed of dying, asked her son. Monarch said: "As you like to God and the people." After that, I lost the gift of speech and died. The successor is appointed Fyodor, the reign of which lasts a month and a half. Having learned about the death of the sovereign, in Moscow with the army entered Lhadmitriy under the unfortunate cries of the crowd.
On the same day, by order, Golitsyn, Sagittari was removed by the Godun family, leaving alive only by Ksenia, which fell into fainting. A pardoned girl inevitably becomes the concubine of Falsitria, who, having failed, extended his beauty to the monastery.
Godunov burned in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral, but during the insurgency the coffin was pulled out and placed in the Wsenkone Monastery. Two years later, Vasily Shuisky ordered the reburied of the Godun family in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
In the biography of the unfortunate ruler there is a riddle, which still is not solved by historians. After the death of Godunov mysteriously disappeared the head of the autocrat. It is not clarified that during which of the burials skull separated from the body. It was found due to the Anthropologist Gerasimov, who opened the crypt with the remains to restore the appearance of the deceased.