Biography
Francesco Petrarch is the Italian poet of the 14th century, which became the founder of early humanism. Considering the mentor of the monk-monk Varlaam Kalabrichsky, he played a big role in the Italian PRATINESSAN and became the cult poet of the Middle Ages.
Francesco Petrol was born in Arezzo on July 20, 1304. His father became Pietro di Surpirate, the Florentine lawyer who was expelled from Florence at the same time as Dante, for the support of the Party "White". Parenzo had a nickname Petrakko - probably because of this subsequently formed the pseudonym of the poet. The Parenzo family moved from one city Tuscany to another, and when Francesco turned nine years old, settled in the French Avignon. Subsequently, Petrarca mother moved to the neighboring city of Cartra.
In Avignon, the boy began to attend school, he studied the Latin language and began to be interested in the works of Roman literature. In 1319, Francesco graduated from school, after which the Father advised to study the right. Although the jurisprudence was not close to Francesco, the guy performed the will of the Father, enrolling in Montpellier, and soon - and the University of Bologna. In 1326, Petrarki's father died, and the young man himself finally realized that the classic writers for him were much more interesting for legislative acts.
The only inheritance that Francesco received after the death of his father was the manuscript of the writings of Vergil. Partly because of the difficult financial situation, in part because of the desire for spiritual education, after graduating from the University of Petrarca decided to adopt the priesthood. The Italian settled at the papal court in Avignon and became close to the representatives of the authoritative family of column (Jacomo Column - a friend from the time of study at the university).
In 1327, Francenko first saw Laura de New, the unrequited love of which prompted him to writing poems that were considered the top of the skill in the sphere of Italian sonnets.
Creation
Petrorta was the greatest popularity of Petrarca, written in Italian. The overwhelming part is devoted to the laure of de new (although its full name is still a mystery, and Laura de New is just the most suitable candidate for the role of Music Petrarch). The poet himself reports only the beloved that her name is Laura, who first saw on April 6, 1327 in the Church of Santa Chiara, and that April 6, 1348, this woman died. After the death of Laura Francesco challenged this love for ten years.
The collection of the Kanzon and Sonnets dedicated to the laurea is called "II CANZONIERE" or "RIME SPARSE". The collection consists of two parts. Although most of the works entered into it describes the love of Petrarks to the laure, in the "Chancellier" there was a place for several verses of another content: religious and political. Even before the beginning of the seventeenth century, this collection was reprinted two hundred times. Reviews for sonnets contained in the "Chancellier" wrote poets and scientists from different countries, recognizing the indisputable importance of the works of Francesco for the development of Italian and world literature.
It is noteworthy that Petrarch himself did not relate seriously to his Italian poems. Although it was the poems that secured the public, and initially Petraque wrote exclusively for himself and perceived as trifles and belligelligers who help him ease the soul. But their sincerity and directness fell to the taste of the world community, and as a result, these works had an impact on the contemporaries of Petrarks and on the writers of subsequent generations.
Italian-speaking Petrard's poem under the name "Triumphs", in which his life philosophy found its expression is also widely known. In it, the author with the help of the allegory tells about the chain of victories: love defeats a person, chastity - love, death - chastity, fame - death, time-Slav, and, finally, Eternity wins time.
Italian sonnets, Chancen, Madrigals Francesco had an impact not only for poetry, but also to music. Composers XIV (while rebirth lasted), and then the XIX centuries put these verses as a basis for their musical works. For example, Ferenc Sheet wrote "Sonnet Petrarks" for piano under a deep impression of poet poems dedicated to the laure.
Books on Latin
To the significant works of Francesco, written in Latin include the following books:
- Autobiography "Epistola AD Posteros" in the format of letters to future generations. In this creation, Petraka sets out the history of his life from the outside (talks about the key events that occurred on his life path).
- Autobiography "De Contempu Mundi", which is translated as "about contempt for the world." This work author wrote in the format of dialogue with blissful Augustine. The second autobiography of the poet tells not so much about the external manifestations of the history of his life, how much about its internal development, the struggle between personal desires and ascetic morality, and so on. The dialogue with Augustine turns into a peculiar duel between the humanistic and religious and ascetic worldview, in which Humanism wins.
- Inspections (angry accusatory speeches) in relation to representatives of cultural, political, religious spheres. Petrarch was one and the first creative figures capable of looking at the statements, the teachings and conviction of modernity from a critical point of view. So, his investigative against a doctor, who considered science is more important than eloquence and poetry. Also, Francesco expressed against a number of French prelates (representatives of the Higher Catholic clergy), against Averroists (followers of the popular philosophical teaching of the XIII century), Roman scientists of past years, and so on.
- "Letters without addresses" - works in which the author boldly criticizes the depraved morals of Rome XIV century. Petrairka, during his life, was a deeply believed Catholic, but he did not feel awe of higher spiritual sans, whose behavior considered unacceptable, and did not shy to criticize them openly. "Letters without addresses" are addressed to those invented characters, then real people. The ideas of writing works in such Francesco format borrowed in Cicero and Seneki.
- "Africa" is an epic poem dedicated to Scypion's feats. It also contains prayers and repentable psalms.
Personal life
The love of the whole life of Petrarch was Laura, the personality of which is still not fixed. After a meeting with this girl, a poet for three years spent in Avignon, hoped to catch her random look in the church. In 1330, the poet moved to Lubble, and after seven years he bought the estate in Vallyuse to live near Laura. Having accepted Spiritual San, Petrarch did not have the right to marry, but did not have carved carnal connections with other women. The story states that Petrarch had two extramarital child.
Laura itself, apparently, was a married woman, loyal to his wife and mother of eleven children. The last time the poet saw the beloved on September 27, 1347, and in 1348 a woman died.
The exact cause of death is unknown, but historians believe that it could be a plague, because of which a significant part of the population of Avignon took place in 1348. In addition, Laura could die due to exhaustion due to frequent genus, and tuberculosis. It is not known whether Petracks said about feelings, and Liaura knew about his existence.
Poets noted that if Laura became a legitimate wife Francesco, he could hardly write so many penetrating sonnets in her honor. For example, Byron, Karamzin, as well as the Soviet poet Igor Guberman spoke about this. In their opinion, it is the remoteness of the lover, the inability to be with her allowed Petrarca to write works that have enormous influence on all world literature.
Death
Life of Petrarch, his literary works were assessed by the public, and as a result, he received invitations to the coronation of a laurel wreath of Naples, Paris and Rome (almost simultaneously). The poet chose Rome, where Vieden was a laurel wreath on the Capitol in Easter 1341. Until 1353, he lived in his estate in Valley, periodically leaving him for traveling or preaching missions.
Forever leaving this place at the beginning of the 1350s, Francesco decided to settle in Milan, although he was offered to work at the Department of Florence. Setting up at the court of Visconti, he took up the execution of diplomatic missions.
Subsequently, the poet wanted to return to his native Avignon, but intense relations with authoritative Italian families prevented him to do it. As a result, he moved to Venice and settled near the family of his illegitimate daughter.
But here Petrarka did not stay for a long time: he traveled regularly on various Italian cities, and in recent months he was in the small village of Arkva. There the poet died on the night from July 18 to July 19, 1374, when he left the 70th anniversary to live only one day. The story states that Francesco went to the world other at the table, sitting on the work on the life of Caesar with a pen in his hand. He was buried at the local cemetery.
Bibliography
- Book of songs
- Triumps
- About contempt for the world
- Book of famous husbands
- Letter to descendants
- Letters without address
- Bonolic songs
- Requained psalms