Biography
Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollondtai - a revolutionary of the first wave, the People's Commissar of State Charity, the Ambassador of the USSR in Scandinavia and Mexico.Childhood and youth
Alexandra was born on March 19, 1872 in St. Petersburg in the family of General from the Infancer Mikhail Alekseevich Domontovich, Ukrainians by origin. Alexandra Father participated in the Military Campaign against Hungary, distinguished himself in the Crimean War. Mikhail Alekseevich consisted in a geographical society, wrote work on military history, the year he served as the governor of the Tarnov province.
The mother of the future revolutionary, the Finnish submitted Alexander Masalina-Mravinskaya, was much younger than her husband, but he was already the first marriage behind her shoulders. From the previous union, she had a daughter Eugene Mravinskaya, famous for the opera singer. Grandfather on the maternal line, having peasant roots, created a logging company, on which and rich.
Shura was born when his father was already 42 years old, so with Mikhail Alekseevich, she had the warmest relationships. General instilled daughter love for history, geography, politics. Looking at the Father, the girl learned to think analytically. Parents took care of the best home education for her daughter. By the end of school, Shura was freely expressing in French, English, Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian and German.
At the age of 16, Alexander passed the necessary exams externally and received a diploma of governess. Strict mother considered further education overnight, and the girl was fascinated by painting. In addition to creative classes, the young young lady attended the balls, in which, according to parents, she had to find a decent groom. But the senior Alexander did not want to marry the settlement, although he enjoyed incredible success among representatives of the highest society.
In the mid-1990s, Alexander was fascinated by the pesting movement, the girl sympathized with revolutionary ideas since childhood, following the example of teacher M. I. Insurance. After Alexander, almost against the will of the parents married a poor distant relative, Vladimir Kollloktaya and moved from the house, the girl felt free. The young woman began to disappear at the secret collections that Her new acquaintance of Elena Dmitrievna Stasov, the nearest girlfriend of the hopes of Krupskaya and Vladimir Ulyanov.
Alexandra Kollondty entrusted to become a messenger. The girl risked life and name, going to the dysfunctional quarters with the parcels prohibited by literature. The romance of the revolution quickly captured a young woman, and she abandoned all her home care. In his free time, Kollondtai studied Lenin and Marx.
In 1898, Alexander is solved on moving abroad, which completely destroys his marriage. In Switzerland, a young revolutionary comes to the capital University, Her Mentor becomes Professor Heinrich Gercner, theoretics of the economy. He recommends a talented extraordinary student to go to England for exploring the founders of the London School of Economics and Labor Players' leaders Sydney and Beatrice Webbami.
Returning for two years to Russia, Alexander becomes a member of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party. According to the party order, the revolutionary is again sent to abroad, where another significant event occurred for Alexandra. In 1901, in Geneva, she met the legendary Russian revolutionary George Plekhanov.
The revolution
In 1903, at the II Congress of the RSDRP, a split between members of the party appeared, as a result two wings were formed: the Bolsheviks with Vladimir Lenin at the head and the Mensheviks, whom Julius Martov was headed. The Menshevik Party includes Plekhanov and Collatai. But after 11 years, Alexander changed his views and stood under the banners of the Bolshevik wing.During the first Socialist revolution of 1905, which was defeated, the colluntime supported working women, spreading the Finnish and Socialism brochure. After the defeat of revolutionaries, running away from the persecution and possible reference, the revolutionary was hiding abroad. Kollondtai does not sit in one place, she settles ties with Social Democrats Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain, France, Norway.
In Germany, Alexandra manages to make friends with the leaders of the Communist Party by Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht. Revolutionaries help to move with a new companion in Sweden when Germany announces the beginning of the First World War.
After the deportation of dubious revolutionaries from Stockholm moves to Denmark. From this point on, the collittai fines with the Bolsheviks.
By establishing communication with German intelligence and gaining access to unlimited cash, the Bolsheviks become the leaders of the revolutionary movement of 1917 in Russia. But the temporary government after the February events manage to arrest Alexander for espionage in favor of Germany.
In absentia, at the VI Congress of the party, the Collantai takes into members of the Central Committee. The brave activist became the first woman in the body of the Bolshevik authorities, along with Stalin, Sverdlovy, Lenin, Trotsky, Dzerzhinsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin.
Lenin, who is also pursued by the Provisional Government, at this time hiding in secret apartments. By the autumn, the collantai already leaves the prison and participates in the meetings of the party, on which the decision on an armed uprising is made.
The revolution is performed on October 25, and for 2 days the main body of power is created - the Council of State, in which Kollondtai is entrusted to the post of Mer City addict. In fact, this is the position of the minister on which the revolutionary lasted before the beginning of the spring of 1918.
Ambassador of the USSR
In 1922, the Soviet Union was created. The young state needed world declaration, so people with experience abroad and with connections in European Social Democratic Party were selected as diplomats. Alexander Kollontai at her request the government appointed the Scandinavian ambassador. "Valkyrie Revolution" is sent to Norway, where it seeks the political recognition of the USSR, in parallel by selling trade relations between countries.
In 1926, Kollondtai appointed a representative of the Union in Mexico, but, without preparing a hot climate, which negatively affects the work of the heart, Alexander again translates into Oslo.
From 1930 to 1945, being a representative of the USSR in Sweden, Kollondtai makes a number of diplomatic victories. Alexander Mikhailovna, during the negotiations, it manages to prevent the introduction of Swedish troops to the territory of the Union during the Finnish campaign, and in 1944, Kollondtai convinces Finland to get out of the war, which significantly accelerated the promotion of Soviet troops into the territory of Europe.
All political ties with the Scandinavian world were in the hands of a brave woman, so Stalin did not touch her during political cleansing. In addition, the leader of the peoples belonged to the revolutionary with humor, without perceiving the collittai as a serious enemy, constantly fucked over her. In turn, Alexander Mikhailovna fully supported the policy of Joseph Vissarionovich.
Personal life
Alexandra Kollondtai, as a true revolutionary, in the desire for the ideal of freedom walked to the end, so the topic of free love was relevant to her with young years. While still very young, Alexander insisted on his own choice of the groom, who turned out to be a distant relative Vladimir Kollontai. Parents in every way prevent this marriage, and rich and wealthy men, such as General Ivan Tuolmin, the son of General Dragomirov, offered hand and heart. But the will of the girl did not succeed in anyone.The wedding took place in 1893, and in a year the son of Misha was born in the family. More from the collapse of children was not. Pick up from the parental supervision, Alexander comes under the influence of revolutionaries than destroying the family. In 1898, a young woman decides to escape to Europe and leave her husband and son forever. Marriage between Alexander and Vladimir was terminated only in 1916, but the name revolutionary did not change.
After becoming a free woman, Kollondtai plunged into a series of love romance, long and fleeting. Her men became famous politicians under her, since Alexander herself always looked much younger than his age.
In the personal life of Kollondtai proclaimed the "the theory of water of water", which was based on the fact that love needs to be given to everyone who needs it. The collantai was not the author of this postulate, but only his bright embodiment. For a long time, the "Valkyrie of the Revolution" met with Alexander Gavrilovich Hatpnikov, a former companion of Lenin.
But in 1917, the fate of the shur with a young revolutionary-sailor Pavel Dybenko, for whom Kollondtai married. Writing a marriage Collatay and Dyubenko became the first in the book of accounting for civil acts. Relationships did not last long, this time due to the infidelity of Paul. It was not surprising, as the military was under his wife for 17 years. Therefore, in 1922, Alexander burns bridges and leaves abroad.
In Norway, the revolutionary gets acquainted with the French submarines of Marseil Yakovlevich Body. But the Soviet government intervened in the relationship of the diplomat and the young Frenchman, and the couple broke up.
At the end of the 20s, Alexander Mikhailovna finally recalls the Son, who essentially brought up a stranger woman, the second wife of Vladimir Kollondty. The revolutionary comes with Mikhail at the beginning of the Berlin Representation, and then to the USSR Embassy in London and Stockholm. Collaga takes care of the grandson of Vladimir, who was born in 1927.
Death
On the eve of the end of the Great Patriotic War, Kollollians could not stand overloads, and she had a stroke. At this, the political biography of Alexandra Mikhailovna, as a statesman, was finished. In mid-March 1945, the diplomat was delivered due to the border to Moscow, where the rehabilitation began.
Seven years old, Kollondtai was chained to a wheelchair and lived secluded in his own apartment on the Small Kaluga Street. Partial paralysis of the body did not interfere with Alexander Mikhailovna to fulfill the functions of a consultant on foreign policy issues: the Foreign Ministry was valued. Callock died on March 9, 1952 from a heart attack, which happened in a dream. The grave of revolutionary is located at the Novodevichy Cemetery.