Biography
Mark Chagall, along with the avant-gardists Otto Dix, Heinrich Emzen and Hansel Richter was an artist whose genius scared and repelled. Creating paintings, he was guided exclusively by instinct: a composite system, proportions and lights were alien to him.
A person, deprived of the image of thought, is extremely difficult to visually perceive the Creator's canvas, because they do not fit into the concept of exemplary painting and straightenly differ from the classic works of Repin and Serov, where the accuracy of the lines is erected into the rank of absolute.
Childhood and youth
Movysha Hatskelevich (later Moses Hatskelevich and Mark Zakharovich) Shagali was born on July 6, 1887 in the Belarusian city of Vitebsk, in the art of the Russian Empire, separated by Catherine II for the residence of the Jews. The head of the Hatskel Mordukhov Family Chagal worked as a loader in the village of Selenk Merchant. He was a man quiet, devout and worker. The mother of the artist Feiga-It was a woman energetic, sociable and enterprising. She led the farm, led her husband and children.
From five years, Movysh, like every Jewish boy, visited Header (elementary school), where he studied the prayers and the law of God. At the age of 13, Chagall entered the Vitebsk city bourgear class school. True, he did not give any particular pleasure to him: at that time, Mark was an unremarkable stuttering boy, which because of the uncertainty, could not find a common language with peers.
Provincial Vitebsk became for the future artist and the first friend, and the first love, and the first teacher. Young Moses with an expletion painted endless genre scenes, which he watched daily from the windows of his house. It is worth noting that parents did not feed special illusions about the artistic abilities of the Son. Mother repeatedly laid out the drawings of Moses instead of napkins for the dining table, and father did not want to hear about the training of the offspring at the very time at the time of the Vitebsky painter Apudel Pan.
The ideal of the patriarchal family Chagalov was a son-accountant or, at worst, the son-clerk in the house of a wealthy entrepreneur. Young Moses during a couple of months has led the money from his father to school drawing. When the chapter of the family is tired of the tear requests of the Son, he threw the required amount of money into the open window. The future schedule had to collect scattering on dusty pavements in the eyes of laughing towns.
Studying was given to Movesch hard: he was a favorite painter and a nicuddy student. Subsequently, these two contradictory traits of character noted all the people who tried to influence the art education Chagal. Already at the age of fifteen, he considered himself an unsurpassed genius and therefore could hardly withstand the comments of teachers. According to Mark, only the Great Rembrandt could be His mentor. Unfortunately, artists did not have this level in a small town.
I saved money, stepped, saying nothing to parents, went to St. Petersburg. The capital of the Empire was presented to him by the promised. There was the only Academy of Arts, where Moses was going to do. The harsh truth of life introduced the necessary adjustments to the pink men's dreams: he failed his first and last official exam. The doors of the prestigious educational institution did not open before the genius. The guy did not get used to surrender, he came to Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich, a drawing school of the Society for the promotion of art. There he studied 2 months.
In the summer of 1909, desperate to find his way in art, Chagall returned to Vitebsk. The young man fell into depression. The pictures of this period reflect the depressed internal state of unrecognized genius. He was often seen on the bridge through the Vitaba. It is not known what these falnial moods could lead to, if Chagall did not meet the love of his life - Bert (Bella) Rosenfeld. Meeting with Bella filled his devastated vessel of inspiration. Mark again wanted to live and create.
In the autumn of 1909, he returned to Petersburg. By the desire to find a mentor equal to the date of date, a new idea of Fix was added: the young man conceived by anything to conquer the northern capital. Lettering letters helped Shagola to enter the prestigious school of drawing by the famous storytellence. The artistic process of the educational institution was led by the painter Lion Bakst.
According to the evidence of contemporaries, Moses, Bakst took it without any complaints. Moreover, it is reliably known that the Lion paid the training of the Hope of the Grandstice. Bakst said directly to Movesch that in Russia his talent does not fit. In May 1911, walled on the scholarship received from Maxim, the scholars went to Paris, where he continued his studies. In the capital of France, he first began signing his work by the name Mark.
Painting
Shagall began his artistic biography from the painting "Deadman." In 1909, the work of the "Portrait of my bride in black gloves" and "Family" were written under the influence of non-approximitivistic style. In August 1910, Mark went to Paris. The central works of the Paris period were "me and my village", "Russia, Oslas and others", "Self-portrait with the seven fingers" and "Calvary". At the same time, they were written by the "Snoyushka tobacco", "praying Jew", which brought Shagal to the artistic leaders of reviving Jewish culture.
In June 1914, his first personal exhibition opened in Berlin, which included almost all paintings and drawings created in Paris. In the summer of 1914, Mark returned to Vitebsk, where he caught the beginning of the First World War. In 1914-1915, a series of paintings from seventy works written on the basis of inventive impressions were created (portraits, landscapes, genre scenes).
In the pre-revolutionary times, epically monumental-type portraits were created ("Seller Newspapers", "Green Jew", "Praying Jew", "Red Jew"), paintings from the "Lovers" cycle ("Blue lovers", "Green lovers", "Pink Lovers ") and genre, portrait, landscape compositions (" mirror "," Portrait of Bella in a white collar "," above the city ").
In the early summer of 1922, Chagall went to Berlin to learn about the fate of the works before the war. In Berlin, the artist trained new for himself to print equipment - etching, dry needle, xylography. In 1922, he shrugged a series of etchings designed to become illustrations for his autobiography "My Life" (a folder with "My Life" engravings was published in 1923). The book translated into French saw the light in Paris in 1931. To create a cycle of illustrations to Roman Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol "Dead Souls" In 1923, Mark Zakharovich moved to Paris.
In 1927, a series of gouisas "Circus Volat" arose with her through for all Shagalovsky creativity by the insane images of clowns, harlequins and acrobats. By order of the Minister of Propaganda of Fascist Germany Paul Josef Goebbels in 1933, the works of the Master were publicly burned in Mannheim. The persecution of the Jews in fascist Germany, the premonition of the approaching catastrophe painted the works of Stegal in the apocalyptic tone. In the prewar and war years, one of the leading topics of his art was the crucifixion ("White Crucifix", "Crucified Artist", "Martyr", "Yellow Christ").
Personal life
The first wife of an outstanding art worker was the daughter of Jewelelar Bella Rosenfeld. Later he wrote: "For many years, her love covered everything I did. Six years after the first meeting, July 25, 1915, they got married. With a woman who gave him a daughter to Idu, Mark lived a long and happy life. True, fate has developed in such a way that the artist was much survived his muse: Bella died from Sepsis in the US hospital on September 2, 1944. Then, returning after the funeral into the empty house, he put on the easel, the portrait of Bella, written by him back in Russia, and asked IMU to throw away all the brushes and paints.
"Art Mourning" lasted 9 months. Only thanks to the attention and care of her daughter, he returned to life. In the summer of 1945, Ida hired a nurse to care for his father. So in the life of Shagal, Virginia Haggard appeared. Between them, the novel broke out, who presented the brand of the son of David. In 1951, the young lady left the brand to the Belgian photographer Charlet Leirens. She took her son and refused 18 artist's works donated to her at different times, leaving himself only two of his drawing.
Moses again wanted to commit suicide, and in order to distract the father from the duma, Ida brought him with the owner of the London Salon of Valentina Brodskaya. Marriage with her Shagalized after 4 months after dating. The daughter of the Creator regretted this summary more than once. Steph did not let go to Chagola and grandchildren, "inspired" to draw decorative bouquets, because they were "well sold," and thoughtlessly spent his spouse fees. With this woman, the painter lived before the death, continuing, however, constantly write Bella.
Death
The famous artist of art died on March 28, 1985 (98 years old). Mark Zakharovich was buried at the local cemetery of the Saint-Paul-de-Vance commune.
Today, the work of Mark Stegal can be seen in the galleries of France, USA, Germany, Russia, Belarus, Switzerland and Israel. They honor the memory of the great artist and in his homeland: a house in Vitebsk, in which the graphite lived for a long time, turned into a house-museum of Chagal. Lovers of painting creativity and to this day can face the place where he created his masterpieces avant-garde.
Work
- "Dream" (1976);
- "Spoon of milk" (1912);
- "Green lovers" (1917);
- "Russian Wedding" (1909);
- "Purim" (1917);
- "Musician" (1920);
- "For Vavava" (1955);
- "Peasants at the Well" (1981);
- "Green Jew" (1914);
- "Seller of livestock" (1912);
- "Tree of Life" (1948);
- "Clown and violinist" (1976);
- "Bridges over Seine" (1954);
- "Couple or Holy Family" (1909);
- "Street artists at night" (1957);
- "Westing the past" (1944);