Biography
Savva Timofeevich Morozov - Russian manufacturer, owner of textile manufactory, chemical plants, patron, philanthropist of Moscow Art Academic Theater. Savva was born on February 3 (under Art. Art.) 1862 in the Moscow province, the city of Zuyevo in the family of merchants-Old Believers. Grandfather of the boy, the former serf peasant Sava Vasilyevich, founded the Dynasty of Morozov's manufacturers. Father Timofey Savvovich opened the Nikolskaya Cotton Manufactory, led the Moscow Exchange.
Mother Maria Fedorovna belonged to the old genus of the Old Believers of the Simonov, which owned silko and paper mills. In total, the Timothy and Maria Morozova were six children - the eldest daughters of Anna (1849), Alevtina (1850), Alexander (1854), Julia (1858) and younger Sons Sergey (1860) and Savva. Subsequently, Sergey will lead the museum of handicraft creativity. Four more children - Elena, Ivan, Arseny and Lyudmila - died in infancy. Children's years Sawva spent in the family manor, which was located in a three-way alley near the Ivanovo monastery.
Until 1881 he studied in the fourth Moscow gymnasium at the Pokrovsky gate. After graduating from the educational institution, Morozov entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of the Imperial Moscow University, where he chose a specialty chemist. By the end of the training, Sava prepared a great job dedicated to the development of dyes. Since 1885, Morozov has studied chemistry in Cambridge, collected material for the dissertation. In England, Savva met with the peculiarities of the textile industry, visiting the Manchester Factory. Returning to his homeland in 1886, he visited Mendeleev's lectures.
Factories
In connection with the soup of Savva's father, Savva Morozova Son and Co., and a three-necked brewerous partnership was forced to take upon himself. The young entrepreneur began its activities with improving the working conditions of workers. Savva built new working barracks, opened medical items, a nursing home, a park for folk festivities, founded the library. Savva Morozov fully paid for maternity leave to employees. Young promising employees sent to learn from colleges and universities.
Literacy of the workers of Morozov factories was higher than in other enterprises. The manufacturer did not allow unlawful layoffs in his enterprises and punished directors who, without a visible reasons, drove the workers. Nikolskaya manufactory often became a prize-winner at exhibitions and fairs of industry. Improving household conditions for workers, Savva Morozov achieved an increase in the amount of products and improving its quality. Cotton for manufactory of merchants Morozov acted from Turkestan.
The major role of frosts played in the development of chemical production in Russia. In 1890, he began the release of chemical reagents (acetic acid and its salts, wood and methyl alcohol, acetone, denature, charcoal) at factories in the village of Vsevolodo-Wilwa Permian province and on the Ivak River. In 1905, Savva Morozov participated in the establishment of a joint-stock company of the United Chemical Plants "S. T. Morozov, Kret and Ottman. " Since the beginning of the 1990s, Savva was headed by the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, became a member of the Council of Trade and Manufactory, as well as society for promoting the development of light industry.
Morozov received the position of elective Moscow stock exchange society and held it until 1905. Being the chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition pavilion, Savva Morozov personally welcomed the Russian king at an event dedicated to the opening of the exhibition. In 1892, the Order of St. Anne III of the degree received from the Ministry of Finance of Morozov, after four years he was awarded the Order of St. Anne II. At the beginning of the XX century, Savva Timofeevich became interested in liberal ideas.
The entrepreneur supported the connection with the leaders of land-constitutionalists, and then the Social Democrats. Morozov financed the first issues of the Iskra publications, "New Life" and "Fighting". Subsequently, the manufacturer began to engage in illegal help to future revolutionaries, in 1905 Bolshevik N. E. Bauman hid in the territory of Morozov. The entrepreneur started acquaintance with Maxim Gorky and with a representative of the Social Democratic Party, another Vladimir Lenin Leonid Kra.
After the bloody Sunday of 1905, Savva Timofeevich compiled a letter, indicating the causes of the strike movement in Russia, with whom he intended to contact the supervisory instances. The entrepreneur pointed out in a note that any strikes that are peaceful in nature should not blunt or administrative penalties, workers should also have freedom of speech, press, compulsory school education, inviolability of personal freedoms.
Mother Maria Fedorovna and the Soviet Council of Nikolskaya Manufactory did not support the entrepreneur. At the meeting, which was held in mid-March 1905, the letter was destroyed. Morozov fell into depression, he began a nervous disorder. A month later, Maria Fedorovna convened a medical concilium, consisting of doctors G. I. Rossolimo, F. A. Grinevsky and N. N. Selivanovsky, on which recommendations were made on the need for resort treatment.
Charity
Savva Morozov at the established family tradition participated in the affairs of charity. The entrepreneur was another Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. In 1898, the manufacturer supervised the creation of a publicly available theater in Moscow, sponsored the construction of the MHT in the chamber of the camera with a large room for 1300 places, since 1901 he headed the financial part of the theater. In total, Sava Morozov spent 500 thousand rubles for the needs of MHT.
The name of the patronage was immortalized by his image on the icon to the 10th anniversary of the theater, along with portraits of Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. Morozov regularly sacrificed funds to needy students of Moscow University. With the participation of an entrepreneur, shelters, allests and hospitals were regularly created. Savva Morozov contained a porous enterprise, whose fries Tashkent and Nadad became winners of Moscow races.
Personal life
In 1888, Savawa Morozov married the former spouse of the cousin's nephew Zinaide Grigorievna Zimina, the daughter of the Bogorodsky merchant of the Second Guild of E. Zimin. The love of the entrepreneur was so great that he went against the will of his parents. Marriage with a divorced woman contradicted the religion of frost. 6 months after the wedding, the young Timofey was born. Two years later, Zinaida Grigorievna presented his wife to Maria's daughter, in 1895 Elena was born, in 1903 - Sava's son.
In 1893, Savva Morozov acquired at the merchant A. N. Aksakov House on Spiridonovka Street, who in five years rebuilt on the project F. O. Shechtel. In the new mansion of frosts, the balls were regularly suitable for which Mammoths, Botkin, Shalyapin, Gorky, Chekhov, Knipper Chekhov, Stanislavsky, Boborakin were invited.
In 1898, Savva Morozov became interested in the actress of the Moscow Theater Maria Fedorovna Zhelovaba (Yurkovskaya), which performed under the name Andreev. The girl consisted of service from Social Democrats, periodically fulfilling the instructions of Lenin. Andreeva has largely influenced Morozov's political views. Maria Fedorovna convinced the entrepreneur to start financing the party. In 1904, the novel ended, the actress left the manufacturer to Maxim Gorky. Parting with the beloved has become for Savva Morozov with a blow.
Death
In May 1905, Savva Morozov, together with his wife and attending physician Selivanovsky, left to Germany, and then to Cannes. The personal life of the entrepreneur began to improve, he became fascinated by Zinaida Grigorievna. But on May 13 (according to Art.), Remaining alone in the Room hotel room, Savva Timofeevich shot himself. Near Morozov, a note was found: "I ask no one to blame for my death."
But the spouses and friends have suspicions in the murder of an entrepreneur who was staged under suicide. It turned out to disclose the crime disadvantageous to the French and Russian parties. Savva Timofeevich's suicide insisted on suicide, who was afraid of the publicity of the Son's financial affairs, his relationship with revolutionaries. A medical commission was created in Moscow, which issued an expert opinion on the affective state of Savva Morozov before death, which made it possible to bury the cemetery died in the Rogozhsky.
Memory
Savva Morozova's biography more than once found a response in the works of Russian filmmakers. In the 1967 film "Nikolai Bauman" Morozova played Efim Copelian, in the historic drama "Red diplomat. Leonid Krasina Life Pages "- Donatas Banionis.
In 2007, the series "Savva Morozov" came out with Sergey Veksler in the lead role. In 2011, a documentary tape "Rocky love Savva Morozova" was created, which was based on documents and photos from the personal archive of the Morozov family.