Biography
The time of the reign of the "Queen-Virgin" or the good Queen of Bess, as Muscovy, the S contemporaries, are called the "golden age of England". The last of the monarchs of the tudor dynasty managed to raise Britain to a new stage of development and strengthen the position of the country on the world stage. During the reign of the younger daughter Henry VIII, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlo and Francis Bacon. They are called "Elizabetinians" due to the patronage of the Queen art and culture.Childhood and youth
Princess was born in September 1533 in the east of London, in the royal residence in Greenwich. On her mother, Anna Boleyn, Heinrich VIII married love and hoped that the spouse would give him the heir. After all, the previous wife, Catherine Aragon, did not give birth to a boy, which made the position of the dynasty shaky.
Anna gave birth to a crowned wife Maryia, and after 17 years, Elizabeth appeared. The king did not experience the joy from the appearance of the second girl, but her baptism was accompanied by lush celebrations. The name of the princess was given in honor of Mother of the monarch Elizabeth York. The baby was settled in the Hatfield House palace, the residences near London, where her occasion was visited by her parents.
Elizabeth was not fulfilled and three years old, as Mother did not become: Anna, and did not make an excitement of his wife with the heir, executed, accusing in multiple trees to her husband and in state treason. Historians converge in the opinion that to get rid of Bolein Heinrich decided to marry and give birth to the Son as soon as possible, and the proof of change is falsification. The execution of the mother brought opal on a three-year-old Elizabeth: Princess was called illegitimate. The same fate suffered her older sister Maria.
A day after the execution of Bolein, the monarch secretly walked around with the favorite Jane Seymour. A year later, Queen gave birth to her husband of the long-awaited Son Edward. Being a good woman, Jane tried to reconcile the king with daughters, but Henry was unshakable: the daughter of the "bet" remained in the Hatfield House, although a small princess and brought to the royal residence.
12 days after the birth of Seymour died. Heinrich went under the crown three more times. With one of his wives, he divorced, the second, Catherine Howard, like Anna Boleyn, executed. The execution of stepmother shocked 9-year-old Elizabeth, leaving a trace in the fate of the future monarchin: she did not marry, hence her nickname "Queen-Virgo". Warm attitudes from the princess rose with the sixth wife of the Father - Catherine Parr.
The future queen of England and Ireland at 10 years spent on French, Greek, Italian, and the treatises of historians-Romans read the Treatises of the Romans and rewritten with the stepmother of Catherine Parr. Although the girl was considered illegitimate, but the formation was given excellent: classes with Cambridge teachers, adherents of the Reformation, were not in vain.
Thanks to the Parr and the appearance of the heir in the Royal Family, the world was restored. Father came up with "illegitimate" daughters, although the degradation status did not cancel. In early 1547, Heinrich died. In the will, the king called the throne-head of Edward. In the case of his death and in the absence of heirs, the throne was allowed to take Mary and Elizabeth. Then the prospect of standing at the head of state for the daughters of Heinrich seemed ghostly, but the testament spoke of recognition of daughters and allowed to marry the princes of European monarchies.
After the death of his father and his own marriage, stepmother sent young Elizabeth away from the residence, in the estate in Hartfordshire. The girl continued to learn under the supervision of the teacher with the encyclopedic knowledge of Roger Eshamom.
In the autumn of 1548, stepmother died from the maternity hospital, and her spouse Thomas Seymour had committed an unsuccessful attempt of the state coup. At the beginning of next year, he was executed, and the throne took the legal heir to Eduard VI. Brother invited to live with the court younger sister, with whom he had warm relationships. The death of Eduard in the summer of 1553 began a blow to Elizabeth.
The attempt of the Lord-Protector of John Dudley put on the crown on the Grandmaker Heinrich, 16-year-old Jane Gray, ended with Bunt. The uprising passed into a military conflict between the supporters of Gray and Princess Mary, the eldest daughter Henry. The throne took Maria. For Elizabeth, both sides of the conflict were disadvantageous: in case of victory, Jane's supporters, she was deprived of the right to the throne, but could continue to adhere to the Protestant faith. The victory of Catholotchka Mary posed the existence of Elizabeth, but left the right to inherit the crown.
37-year-old Maria I was crowned in 1553, late autumn. From the very first days of the Board of the Queen took to return the country into Catholicism. Most of the British confessed the Catholic faith, but the Protestants were influential venomes. At the beginning of next year, Protestant Thomas Whitet raised the uprising, intending to prevent Mary's marriage with the Spanish King of Philipp. There is a version that the rebel intended to put on the throne Elizabeth.
The uprising was supplied, and Whitet was executed. Before his death, he swore that Elizabeth did not know about the mute and did not participate in the preparation of the uprising. The queen entered into a younger sister in Tower, but left her life. In the summer of 1554, Mary married a representative of the genus of Habsburgs and released Elizabeth to the will, but sent it to the link to Woodstock.
After 4 years, Elizaven was returned to London. The marriage of Philip with Maria turned out to be a childless, the Queen of Rug. When she felt an ambulance ending, under the pressure of the advisers called sister the crown heir. "Bloody" Mary, as the Queen called the Queen, did not want to give the throne sister, because he was afraid of the return of Protestantism. But fearing chaos and riots after death, she had to come off the crown Elizabeth.
Beginning of the Board
Three days after the death of Mary, on the first Council of Queen Elizabeth thanked those who helped her during opals. Thomas Perry received the Treasurer post, Robert Dudley became keen, William Cecil sat in the secretary chair. In November 1558, the 25-year-old Queen met the crowds of enthusiastic residents of London.
The age of the monarchin at that time was not considered young - the British rarely lived to fifty. But Elizabeth looked younger than his age. She did not get married and her health did not undermine childbirth and miscarriage, like most women of her time. The new Queen of England became fashion law: on the official reception in Oxford, it appeared in long, to the elbow, gloves. It was followed by all courtesome fashionists.
At the end of January of the same year, the queen felt the severity of the Crown: England was split into two hostile parts - Protestants and Catholics. In the air Vitala Vitala War. To avoid shocks, Elizabeth I proclaimed an "act of uniformity", allowing Catholics to serve Mass.
Soon the parliament urged Elizabeth I to choose a spouse and provide the throne with the heir. In the list of grooms turned out to be the husband of the deceased sister Philip, two duke from the genus of the Habsburgs and the Kronprints of Sweden. Soon the Russian king Ivan Grozny fell into the list of potential applicants. But Elizabeth, the fear of directly refuse to parliament, found the reasons to disagree to marry any of them. For many years, next to Elizabeth I was a favorite Robert Dudley.
Domestic politics
Refusing to go under the crown, Elizabeth found the wording by the British, the Queen repeated that "gained with the nation". The people compared her with the Virgin Mary, and the courtesome - with astray, the goddess of youth and beauty. The symbol of Elizabeth became Pelican, which pulls out pieces of its own flesh to feed the chicks.
With a good queen, the administration strengthened, the financial department streamlined, and the moderately Protestant Anglican Church was established as a state religion. "Queen-Virgo" encouraged the attraction of talented emigrants to England. Trade companies were settled in the country, which were supported by Elizabeth. Perhaps the only sphere of remaining unreformed was the agrarian industry. Hard laws of Elizabeth took against vagrancy.
The conflict broken with Spain forced the government to raise taxes to fill the military budget. The discontent of merchants and private monopolies from the increased tax burden has increased. The end of the Queen-Virgin government, the tax burden turned into a brake, which does not allow the economy of England. Ropot against absolutism increased, the parliamentary opposition intensified.
Elizabeth I became famous as a patronage of art. A special location of the queen showed to the theater, participating in amateur ideas. In 1582, the royal troupe appeared with the light hand of a crowned person, in which Shakespeare entered. When Elizabeth I cried new coins: Golden pound and halfthant. Pound weighed 11,146 grams, of which 10,213- pure gold.
Foreign policy
At the end of the 1550s in Scotland, the Bunct of Protestants vs. Frantzenki Mary de Giz, Recents and Mother Mary Stewart broke out. Secretary William Cecil recommended that Queen support Protestants, but she did not dare to open assistance, secretly gave money rebel. Elizabeth was afraid of war with France.
But the Secret Council forced the Queen for Intervention: In 1560, English troops helped the Scottish to defeat supporters de Gizov. In the summer of the same year, England signed in Edinburgh, the contract secured a victory and brought the troops.
Grandfather Elizabeth I created a fleet, father developed maritime trade, sister sent an expedition to search in the northeast of the Passage to India and China. But at the rule of Elizabeth, England became the naval power. The shopping and pirate raids of the Hawkins brothers and campaigns of Francis Drake began.
Robbery by the British of Spanish ships, their raids on the colonies of the Spaniards were the cause of the undeclared sea war of London and Madrid. But soon the United Kingdom managed to win the status of the main sea power in the Spaniards. Opponents reproached the Queen for the patronage of robbers, but the principle of "rights, who is stronger" then dominated. The battle at the end of the 1580s between the fleets of the two powers was over the defeat of the Great Armada of the Spaniards.
Elizabeth I had a correspondence with the Moscow king Ivan Grozny. Between the two countries, trade relations developed, the beginning of which was laid at King Edward, but the trading flourishing happened during the reign of Queen-Virgin. Elizabeth turned out to be the only woman with whom Ivan IV rewritten. Grozny wrote a queen for the first time in 1562, offering to enter into marriage. Ventrenosa British refused than brought the anger of the Russian monarch. The rude response Ivan the Terrible interrupted the correspondence for 20 years, but then she resumed and lasted before the king's death.
Personal life
According to one of the versions, the reluctance of Elizabeth I to go under the crown was explained by physiological and mental disabilities. There is another version. The queen of England had a novel with Robert Dudley, a friend of childhood, later than a favorite. But Dudley did not turn out in the list of grooms from parliament.
It is concerned that the Roman of the Queen with Lord lasted to the death of Robert Dudley in 1588. He became those who would be called a civil husband today. It is concerned that the couple even had children. Allegedly, the Spanish spy expelled from England found letters in which he told about the mysterious young man named Arthur Dudley, who was an illegitimate son of Elizabeth from Lord.
An indirect confirmation of the version of the existence of Elizabeth's son was the letters of foreign ambassadors at the courtyard of the queen, in which Elizabeth's disease is described - Waterka, from which she recovered "in the abdomen." British television company "BBC" removed the documentary "The Secret Life of Elizabeth I", which tells about the evidence of the Motherhood of the Queen.
Death and Memory
The death of loved ones undermined the health of Elizabeth I. At the end of 1603, the Queen fell into depression. Ventance British died in the spring of the same year in Richmond. I buried the good queen Bess in Westminster Abbey. The death of Elizabeth I laid the end of the tudor dynasty.
Queen's biography, the fate of the Great Woman became a source for writing dozens of books and creating films. In the image of Elizabeth on the screens, Sarah Bernard appeared, Bett Davis and Jean Simmons. In 2007, the Drama "Golden Age" was released on the screens, who told the history of the Queen of England. In the image of Elizabeth, Kate Blanchett appeared.