Biography
On the son of two surprisingly talented poets of the past century, contrary to the postulate, Nature did not resist. Despite 4 arrest and 14 years old, stolen by Stalin camps, Lev Gumilev left a bright mark in Russian culture and science. The philosopher, historian, geographer, archaeologist and oriental scientist who put forward the famous theory of passionation, bequeathed the descendants a huge scientific heritage. And he composed poems and poems, knowing six languages, translated several hundreds of other people's works.Childhood and youth
The only son of Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumileev was born in the fall of 1912 on Vasilyevsky Island, in the maternity shelter of Empress Alexandra Fedorovna. Baby Parents brought to the royal village and soon baptized in the Ekaterininsky Cathedral.
From the first days of life, the son of two poets was on the care of her grandmother, Mother Nikolai Gumileev. The child did not change the usual course of parents of parents, they easily entrusted education and all concerns about the boy Anne Ivanovna Gumileva. Later, Lev Nikolayevich will write that mother and father almost did not see in his childhood, grandma replaced them.
Up to 5 years old, the boy grew up in blindness, grandmother's estate, located in the Bezhetsky district of Tver province. But in the revolutionary 1917 Gumilev, fearing the peasant pour, left the generic nest. Taking the library and part of the furniture, a woman with a grandson moved to Bezhetsk.
In 1918, parents divorced. In the summer of the same year, Anna Ivanovna moved to his son to Petrograd. Year The boy communicated with his father, accompanied Nikolai Stepanovich on literary deeds, stayed at the mother. The parents soon have formed new families: Gumilev married Anna Engelhardt, in 1919 they had a daughter Elena's daughter. Akhmatova lived with Assyriologist Vladimir Shileiko.
In the summer of 1919, her grandmother with a new daughter-in-law and children went to Bezhetsk. Nikolai Gumilev occasionally held a family. In 1921, Leo learned about the death of his father.
In Bezhetsk, the Youth of Lev Gumilyov took place. Up to 17 years he changed 3 schools. Relations with peers did not develop the relationship. According to memories of classmates, Leva was kept mansion. Pioneeria and Komsomol went around him as not surprising: in the first school "Son classo alien element" left without textbooks, which relied on students.
Grandma translated the grandson in the second school, railway, where Anna Sverchkova taught, a girlfriend and a kind angel of the family. Lev Gumilev made friends with the Literature Teacher Alexander Peregrin, with whom he was rewritten before his death.
In the third school, which was called the 1st Soviet, the literary abilities of Gumilyov revealed. The young man wrote articles and stories in the school newspaper, having received a premium for one of them. Lev became a regular visitor to the city library, where he spoke with literary reports. During these years, the creative biography of Petersburger began, the first "exotic" verses appeared, in which the young man sulled father.
Mom was visited in Bezhetsk to his son twice: in 1921, for Christmas, and after 4 years, in the summer. Every month she sent 25 rubles, helped to survive the family, but here the poetic experiments of the Son felt rigidly.
After graduating from school in 1930, Lev came to Leningrad, to the mother, at that time he lived with Nikolai Punin. In the city of Neva, the young man re-graduated from the graduation class and prepared for admission to the Herzenov Institute. But Gumileva's statement did not accept because of noble origin.
Nicholas Punin met Humileva to the factory. From there, the lion switched to the tram depot and registered the work exchange, from where he was sent to courses, where he prepared geological expeditions. During the years of industrialization, the expedition was organized in a huge amount, due to the lack of employees, they did not look closely to their origin. So Lev Gumilev in 1931 first went on a trip to Bajaker.
Heritage
According to the estimates of biographers, Lev Gumilev visited expeditions 21 times. On trips, he earned money and felt independent, not dependent on Mother and Punin, with whom not an easy relationship.
In 1932, Leo went to the 11-month expedition to Tajikistan. After the conflict with the head of the expedition (Gumileva was accused of violating discipline - attempted to study amphibians) settled in state farm: by the standards of the 1930s, they were well paid and fed. Communicating with dehkans, Lev Gumilev learned Tajik language.
After returning home in 1933, it took to translate the poetry of the authors of the Union republics, which brought him a modest earnings. In December of the same year, the writer first arrested, holding 9 days, but did not interrogate and did not charge.
In 1935, the Son of Two Classic University entered the University of Northern Capital, choosing the Faculty of History. The Teaching staff of the university was Pentel Matrah: Egyptologist Vasily Struve worked in Luge, an expert of antiquity Solomon Lurie, China Nikolai Kuner, whom the student soon called the mentor and teacher.
Gumilev was headed above the classmates and caused admiration for admiration for deep knowledge and erudition. But for a long time to leave the son of the Son's shot "enemy of the people" and poetess who did not want to sing the Soviet system, the authorities did not want. In the same 1935 he was arrested for the second time. Anna Akhmatova turned to Joseph Stalin, asking to let go of the most expensive people (at the same time Punin was taken away with Gumilev).
Both were released at the request of Stalin, but Leo was expelled from the university. For a young man, the deduction has become a disaster: a scholarship and bread surcharge accounted for 120 rubles - considerable at that time the amount allowed to remove housing and not starve. In the summer of 1936, Lev went to the expedition on Don, on the excavation of the Khazar settlement. In October, his student's great joy was restored at the university.
Happiness lasted long: in March 1938, Lion Gumileva was arrested for the third time, giving him 5 years of Norilsk camps. In the camp, the historian continued to write a thesis, but it was not possible without sources. But with the circle of communication Gumilev was lucky: among the prisoners was the color of the intelligentsia.
In 1944, he was asked to the front. After two months of study, hit the reserve anti-aircraft regiment. Demobilized, returned to the city on the Neva and graduated from studying on Easta. In the late 1940s defended, but did not receive a candidate degree. In 1949, Gumilev was awarded 10 years of camps, borrowing accusations from the previous case. The Punishment of the historian was serving in Kazakhstan and Siberia.
Release and rehabilitation happened in 1956. After 6 years of work in Hermitage, Lev Gumileva took to the state at the Faculty of Geography LSU, where he worked until 1987. Hence the retirement. In 1961, the scientist defended his doctoral dissertation on history, and in 1974 in geography (the scientific degree did not approve the WAK).
In the 1960s, Gumilev undertakes to embody on paper meaningful in concluding the passionary theory of ethnogenesis, putting the purpose of explaining the cyclicity and pattern of history. Eminent colleagues criticized the theory by calling her falsely scientific.
The majority of the historians of that time and the main work of Lion Gumilyev, called "ethnogenesis and the biosphere of the Earth", did not convince. The researcher adhered to the opinion that the Russians are the descendants of the Tatars who took baptism, and Russia - the continuation of the horde. Thus, Russia inhabits the Russian-Turkic-Mongolian fraternity, Eurasian by origin. This is about this popular book of the writer "From Russia to Russia". The same topic is developing in the monograph "Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe."
Critics of Lev Gumilyov, respecting the innovative views of the researcher and huge knowledge, called it a "conditional historian." But the disciples guarded Leo Nikolayevich and considered scientists, he had talented followers.
In the last years of his life, Gumilev published poems, and contemporaries noticed that the poetry of the Son is not inferior on the artistic strength of the poems of the classics Parents. But the part of the poetic heritage is lost, and Lev Gumilev did not have time to publish the preserved writings. The nature of the poetic style lies in the definition, which he gave himself a poet: "The last son of the Silver Age."
Personal life
The man is creative and in love, Gumilev came into captivity of female spell repeatedly. In the Leningrad communal service, where he dwells, friends, disciples and beloved came.
In the late autumn of 1936, Lev Gumilev met the Mongolian was performed by Namserikev. On a young postgraduate study, a 24-year-old lion, a haircut with the manners of the aristocrat, made an indelible impression. After classes, the couple walked along the university embankment, spoke of Pushkin, history, archeology. Roman lasted to arrest in 1938.
With the second woman, Natalia Varbannets on nicknamed the bird, Gumilev also met in the library in 1946. But the beauty loved his patron - a married medievist historian Vladimir Lublinsky.
In 1949, when the writer and the scientist joined the camp, Natalia and Lev were rewriting. 60 love letters were preserved written by Gumile Coopener of the State Public Library of Varbanese. In the Museum of the Writer there are drawings of the birds that she sent to the camp. After returning Lev Gumilev broke up with Natalia, the idol for which Lublin remained.
In the mid-1950s, the Lion Nikolayevich appeared a new beloved - 18-year-old Natalia Kazakevich, who he got in the library of the Hermitage, at the opposite table. In controversial information, Gumilev even woven the girl, but the parents insisted on the break of relations. Similarly, C Kazakevich Lev Nikolayevich cared for the corrector of Tatiana Kryukov, who read his articles and books.
Roman with Inna Nemilovoy, married Beauty from the Hermitage, lasted to the most marriage of the writer in 1968.
With his wife Natalia Simonovskaya, Moscow artist-schedule, younger for 8 years, Lev Gumilev met in the capital in the summer of 1966. Relations developed slowly, there were no drilling of passion. But together the couple lived 25 years old, and the writer's friends called the family ideal: the woman dedicated to a talented wife, leaving all the previous classes, friends and work.
There were no children from a couple: they met when Leru Gumilev turned 55, and a woman is 46. Thanks to Natalia Gumileva and her troubles for the couple in the mid-1970s moved to a communal service to a good Moscow. When the house, because of the construction unfolded nearby, she asked, the couple moved to the apartment on Kolomna, where he lived until the end of his life. Today, the Writer Museum is open here.
Death
In the 1990s, Lion Gumilyov was diagnosed with stroke, but the scientist took up work, barely ending with bed. Two years later, he was removed the gallbladder. Operation 79-year-old man suffered hard - bleeding opened.
The last 2 weeks Gumilev was in a coma. It was disconnected from life support devices on June 15, 1992.
Buried the son of Akhmatova near Alexander Nevsky Lavra, at the Nikolsky cemetery.
In September 2004, a grave of his wife appeared next to the grave of Leo Gumileva: Natalia survived her husband for 12 years.
Interesting Facts
- With Mother Gumilev did not speak the last 5 years of her life. In Requiem, Akhmatova called Leo "You're Son and My Horror".
- Gumilev did not tolerate potatoes and believed that he seriously complicated the life of the Russian peasant. Natalia Viktorovna was pregnated by recoating soup.
- The Gumilev train station came from the principle an hour before departure - what if they send before?
- Abroad, Lev Gumilev visited the only time in 1966, making a trip to the archaeological congress in Prague.
- At the end of life, the writer loved detectives and science fiction. Preferred the work of Ray Bradbury, Stanislav Lema, Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, Agatu Christie.
- Gumilev Terepo belonged to drunkenness and smoking. He himself argued that "vodka is the concept of psychological". Gumilev smoked until the end of the life of the "White Chernival", igniting a new cigarette from the keen. He believed that smoking was not harmful.
- A peculiar feature of the personality of Gumilev was Turkopilia. Since the 1960s, he increasingly signed his letters "Arslan-Beck" (translation named after the Lion on Turkic language).
Bibliography
- 1960 - "Hongna: Middle Asia in ancient times"
- 1962 - "Feat Bakhrama Chubina"
- 1966 - "Opening of the Khazaria"
- 1967 - "Ancient Turks"
- 1970 - "Searches for a fictional kingdom"
- 1970 - "Ethnogenesis and Ethnosphere"
- 1973 - "Hunny in China"
- 1975 - "Sturdoburyat painting"
- 1987 - "Millennium around the Caspian"
- 1989 - "Ethnogenesis and Biosphere of Earth"
- 1989 - "Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe"
- 1992 - "From Russia to Russia"
- 1992 - "End and New Beginning"
- 1993 - "Ethnosphere: History of People and History of Nature"
- 1993 - "From the history of Eurasia"