Biography
German publicist and Prosaik Herman Hesse are called a brilliant introvert, and his novel about the search for a man himself "steppe wolf" - the biography of the soul. The name of the writer is listed among the most significant authors of the 20th century, and the books constantly occupy a place on the shelves of people who are fond of self-analysis.Childhood and youth
Herman belonged to the nature of the Protestant priests. The ancestors of the father Johannes Hesse were engaged in missionary since the 18th century, and he also devoted the life to Christian enlightenment. Mother Maria Gundert, half a Frenchwoman, philologist for education, was also born in a believer family, spent several years in India with a missionary goal. At the time of dating with Johannes, she was already a widow and brought up two sons.
Herman was born in July 1877 in the city of Calve Land Baden-Württemberg. In total, six children were born in the family of Hesse, but only four survived: Hermann had Sisters Adel and Marulla and Brother Hans.
Parents saw in the sown of the continued successor of traditions, because they sent a child to a missionary school, and then to the Christian pension in Basel, where the head of the family received a position in a missionary school. Heroran's school subjects were easy, especially Latin liked, and it was at school, according to the writer, he learned the art of lies and diplomacy. But on the memoirs of the future of the Nobel laureate in literature, he said:
"From the thirteen years I was clear to me - I will become either a poet or anyone at all."
Hesse's intentions did not find understanding in the family and in educational institutions visited by him:
"In one moment I brought the lesson that only it was possible to withdraw from the situation: the poet there is something that is allowed to be, but not allowed to become."Herman was sent to learn to Latin school in Hoppingen, then to the theological seminary, from where he escaped. Herman worked in the printing house and apprentice in a mechanical workshop, helped his father in the publishing house of theological literature, worked at the Tower Watch factory. Finally, I found it easily in the book shop. In his free time he was engaged in self-education, a rich library remained the benefit of the grandfather.
According to the memories of Hesse, in four years he showed enviable diligence in learning languages, philosophy, world literature, art history. In addition to sciences, he had any a bunch of paper, writing the first works. Soon, Hesse passed the necessary exams for the gymnasium course and entered the University of Tubingen as a free listener. Moreover, deciding that
"The spiritual life is at all possible only through a permanent connection with the Poison, with history, with ancient and with antiquity",It switched from an ordinary bookseller to a buckinistic store. However, it worked there, only to feed, and refused this classes when writing success and the opportunity to contain a family for fees.
Literature
The first literary work in the biography of Herman Hess is considered the "two brothers", written by him in the ten years old for younger sister.
In 1901, the first serious work of Hesse was released - "posthumous writings and poems of German Lausher" (options for the translation of names - "The remaining letters and poems of German Lausher", "the writings and poems of Hermann Lausher, published by posthumously Germanic Hesse").
However, the approval of critics and recognition in reading circles, as well as financial independence brought Roman "Peter Kamenzind". Roman received a literary award of Eduard Bauernfeld, and the writer is a proposal from a large publishing house S. Fischer Verlag on a priority publication of subsequent essays. Subsequently, the publishing house of Samuel Fisher for half a century will be the only owner of the rights to publish the works of Hesse in Germany.
In 1906, Herman wrote a story "under the wheel", reflecting, as in the previously published works, elements of autobiography, in particular the time of study in the seminary. In addition, the author of articles and stories acted as a critic and a reviewer. A year later, Hesse in collaboration with the publisher Albert Langen and another and writer Ludwig Tom began the release of the literary magazine März.
Roman "Gertruda" appeared in the 1910th. A year later, Hesse went on a trip to India, visited Singapore, Indonesia, Sri Lanka. Upon return, the writer published a collection of poems and stories "from India". Interest in Eastern practices will find a way out in a few years later, the Allegorical Presentation of Siddhartha, the hero of which is confident that it is impurient to achieve the cognition of truth, this goal can only be achieved through its own experience.
In Hesse's homeland, he witnessed the events of the First World War, began to speak with articles and essays of anti-war orientation, collect funds for opening libraries for prisoners of war. At the notes of historians, the writer collaborated with both warring parties, so it is not surprising that the open propaganda campaign turned out against Hesse, he was called a coward and a traitor in the press.
In protest, Herman moved to Swiss Bern and refused to German citizenship. The community of ideas and views near Hesse with a French writer, an active supporter of the pacifism Romen Rollyn. In the same place, he graduated from Roshalde's Roman, the next autobiographical work, in which this time it was about the brewing intra-day crisis.
Publications of the educational novel "Demian", describing the moments of the social and moral formation of the personality of the main character, preceded the tragic events in Hesse's life: the eldest son died, then the father, the wife fell into a psychiatric hospital. From the consequences of the heavy nervous breakdown, Herman was heal the famous psychologist Josef Lang.
Under the influence of the Jungian psychoanalysis, Herman Hesse told in the novel not just about a young guy who returned from the war and looking for a place in life, but wrote the story of growing a boy who lived the standard life of the Burger and under pressure from circumstances and thanks to the duality of his own personality turned into a person who was superior to The level of development of others. Karl Jung himself responded to the novel as "On the light of the headlights in the night."
The dualism of the chief character, the writer revealed in the "Steppe Wolf" novel, which is considered the most important stage in Hesse's writer. The book initiated the direction of intellectual novels in German literature, and the quotes from the text are used and as a call for action, and as an illustration of a personal position.
The new wave of popularity covered Hesse after the publication of the story "Narcissus and Zlatoust" ("Narcissus and Goldmund"). The composition of the composition unfolds in medieval Germany, and life in it is opposed to asceticism, spiritual - material, rational - emotional.
A kind of culmination of Hesse's creativity was "game in beads", the utopian novel of socio-intellectual orientation, which generated sharp discussions and multiple interpretations. Over the work, the writer worked for a decade and published parts. The full-fledged book saw the light in Zurich in the midst of the Second World War - in 1943. In Hesse's homeland, the last novel forbidden for the writer was released only in the 1951th of the writer.
Personal life
Hermann Hesse was married three times. With the first spouse Maria Bernoulli, the writer married in 1904, after traveling in Italy, in which Maria was accompanied by Herman as a photographer. Maria, or Mia, as elsewhere called a girl, came from the family of famous Swiss mathematicians.
About the children born in this marriage, information commodity. In some sources it is said that Martin's eldest son died from meningitis, while still teenager. At the same time, the others are talking about Bruno and Heiner, who became artists and who lived a rather long life, as well as another Martin, who was born in 1911 and engaged in photography.
With Maria Hesse officially divorced in 1923, but another six years before that, a woman suffering from a mental disorder was placed in a specialized hospital.
In 1924, Herman married the second time on Ruth Wenger, the daughter of the writer Lisa Wenger. Ruth was 20 years younger, fond of singing and drawing. This marriage existed for three years, during which, according to the memories of contemporaries, Frau Hesse preferences preferred with pets than family concerns. At the same time, Venger's parents regularly visited the guests, and the writer soon felt herself in their own home.
The ideal of his wife, hostess and girlfriend Hesse found in the third spouse Ninon Auslander. With a woman, the writer has long rewritten - Ninon turned out to be a big fan of the work of Herman. Later, she married Engineer Fred Dolbin, he met Hesse in 1922, when previous marriages were collapsed. In 1931, art historian and writer issued relations.
Death
After the publication of "Games in Beads", Hesse limited himself to the issue of stories, poems, articles. Together with Ninon Herman lived in Montagnol, the suburb of Lugano, in the house built for them by Elazy and Hans Boder.
In 1962, the writer was diagnosed leukemia, in August of the same year, Herman Hesse died from hemorrhage into the brain. He was buried on Collina d'Oro Cemetery.
Bibliography
- 1904 - "Peter Kamenzind"
- 1906 - "Casanova is corrected"
- 1906 - "under the wheel"
- 1910 - "Gertruda"
- 1913 - "Cyclone"
- 1913 - Roshalde
- 1915 - "Knulp"
- 1918 - "Child's Soul"
- 1919 - "Demian"
- 1922 - Siddhartha
- 1927 - "Steppe Wolf"
- 1923 - "Transforming a Pictitor"
- 1930 - "Narcissus and Zlatoust"
- 1932 - "Pilgrimage to the country of the East"
- 1943 - "Game in Beads"