Biography
Nikolai Leskova is called the Russian talence of the Russian tale - in this regard, the writer stood in one row with Nikolai Gogol. The author became famous as a publicist with an acute, implancing the flavors of the Society of Peters. And later surprised colleagues in the knowledge of psychology, morals and customs of the people of the native country.Childhood and youth
Leskov was born in the village of Gorokhovo (Orlovsk Gubernia). The Father of the writer, Semen Dmitrievich, was an outdated from an old spiritual kind - his grandfather and father served as priests at the church in the village of Leskey (hence and surname).
Yes, and the parent of the future writer himself graduated from the seminary, but then he worked in the Oryol criminal chamber. I was distinguished by the big talent of the investigator, able to unravel even the most difficult matter, for which he quickly rose on the service staircase and received the noble title. Mama Maria Petrovna came from the Moscow nobility.
In the family of leafy, which settled in the administrative center of the province, made up five children - two daughters and three sons, Nikolai was senior. When the boy turned 8 years old, his father had very much quietly with the boss and, having grabbed the family, retired to the village of Panino, where he was engaged in agriculture - he himself said, sowed, cared for the garden.
With study, the young ratios were disgusting. Five years old, the boy studied in the Oryol gymnasium, and eventually had a testimony about the end of all two classes in his hands. Leski's biographers blame the education system of those times that the vanity and curse beat the desire to comprehend science. Especially in such extraordinary, creative personalities, like Kohl Leskov.
I had to go to work. Father attached a hit to the criminal chamber serving, and a year later he died from cholera. At the same time, one more grief was collapsed on the family of fishing owls - the house burned down the house with all the property.
Young Nikolay went to get acquainted with the world. According to his own behalf, the young man was transferred to the state chamber in Kiev, where he lived and professors in high school native uncle. In the Ukrainian capital of the Leskov plunged into an interesting, saturated life - became interested in languages, literature, philosophy, sat at the desk as a freelancer at the university, spinning in the circles of sectarians and old goods.
Having enriched the life experience of the future writer's work for another uncle. An Englishman Mamina's husband called a nephew to his company "Shkott and Wilkens", the position assumed long and frequent business trips throughout Russia. This time the writer called the best in his biography.
Literature
The idea to devote life to the art of the word attended Leskov for a long time. For the first time, a young man thought about the writer's field, knee on Russian expanses with the tasks from the company "Shkott and Wilkens" - the trips were given bright events and the types of people who were asked for paper.
The first steps in the literature Nikolai Semenovich did as a publicist. I wrote articles "on the evil of the day" in St. Petersburg and Kiev newspapers, criticism in corruption collapsed on officials and police doctors. The success of publications was ambitious, brought several official investigations.
Pen's sample as the author of artistic works happened only at 32 years - Nikolay Leskov wrote a story "Life of one woman" (today we know her as "Amur in Lapotopers"), which readers of the Library for Reading Library received.
From the very first work on the writer, they spoke as a master who knows how to brightly convey female images with tragic fate. And all because, after the first story, brilliant, penetrating and complex essays "Lady Macbeth Mtsensky County" and "Warrior" came out. Leskov skillfully walked into the presented dark strand of life Individual humor and sarcasm, demonstrating a unique style, which later recognized the type of tale.
In the circle of literary interests, Nikolai Semenovich was also a drama. Starting from 1867, the writer began to create plays for theaters. One of the popular - "Patroster".
Leskov stated loudly about himself and as a novelist. In the books "Nowhere", "mutually", "on the knives" ridiculed revolutionaries and nihilists, stating the unaware of Russia to radical change. Such an assessment of the writer's work after reading the novel "On the knives" was given Maxim Gorky:
"... After the evil novel" On the knives ", the literary work of Leskov immediately becomes a bright painting or, rather, an icon-painting - he begins to create the iconostasis of its holy and righteous for Russia."After the release of novels, criticizing revolutionary democrats, the editors of magazines arranged to Leskov Boycot. I did not refuse to cooperate with the writer only Mikhail Katkov, heading the "Russian Bulletin", but it was impossible to work with this writer - merciless rules.
The next product, which entered the treasury of native literature, was the legend of the master's masters "Levsh". In it, the unique style of Leskov broke through new edges, the author looked with original neologisms, laying on each other events, creating a complex frame. About Nicolae Semenovich spoke as a strong writer.
In the 70s, the writer experienced difficult times. The Ministry of Folk Enlightenment put Leskov as an appraiser of new books - he solved, you can skip publications to the reader or not, and I received a meager salary for it. In addition, the next story "Enchanted Wanderer" rejected all editors, including Katkova.
This work of the writer thought as an alternative to the traditional genru of the novel. The story combined unrelated plots, and they are not finished. The "free shape" criticism was broken in the fluff and dust, and Nikolai Semenovich had to publish scraps of his brainchild in the placerization of publications.
In the future, the author appealed to the creation of idealized characters. From under his feather, a collection of stories "Righteous", which included sketches "Man on the clock", "Figure" and others. The writer presented direct conscientious people, arguing that everyone met everyone. However, critics and colleagues accepted work with sarcasm. In the 1980s, the righteous acquired religious traits - Leskov wrote about the heroes of early Christianity.
At the sunset of life, Nikolai Semenovich again turned to the initiation of officials, military, representatives of the Church, giving the literature the work of the "Beast", "Tuppean artist", "Bugago". And even at this time, the leaks wrote stories for children's reading, which gladly took the editors of magazines.
Among the geniuses of literature, famous later, there were faithful fans of Nikolai Leskov. Lion Tolstoy considered a nugget from the Oryol depth of the "most Russian writer", and Ivan Turgenev and Anton Chekhov were erected by a man into the rank of their mentors.
Personal life
By the standards of the 19th century, the personal life of Nikolai Semenovich was unsuccessful. The writer managed to go under the crown twice, and the second time with a living first wife.
Leskov married early, at 22nd. Olga Smirnova, the heirs of the Kiev entrepreneur became the elected. In this marriage, the daughter of Vera and the son of Mitya, who died still little ones was born. The spouse suffered a psyche disorder and was often treated in the St. Petersburg clinic of St. Nicholas.
Nikolai Semenovich, in fact, lost his wife and decided to enter into a civil marriage with Catherine Bubnova, a widden for several years. In 1866, Leskov became the Father for the third time - the son of Andrei appeared on the world. On this line in 1922, the future celebrity of Tatiana Leskov's ballet was born, the author of the author "Enchanted Wanderer". But with the second wife, Nikolai Semenovich did not get along, after 11 years, the spouses were separated.
Leskov walked ideological vegetarians, believed that animals could not be killed for food. The man published an article in which Viganov divided on two camps - those who eat meat, observing a kind of post, and those who regret innocent living beings. Himself referred to the last. The writer urged to create a cookbook for Russian like-minded people, which would include "green" recipes from the products available to Russians. And in 1893 such a publication appeared.
Death
Nikolay Leskov suffered all her life from asthma, in recent years the disease aggravated, the attacks of suffocation began to happen more and more.
On February 21 (on March 5, on a new style) of 1895, the writer could not cope with the exacerbation of the ailment. Buried Nikolai Semenovich in St. Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery.
Bibliography
- 1863 - "Life of one woman"
- 1864 - "Lady Macbeth Mtsensky County"
- 1864 - "Nowhere"
- 1865 - "Out"
- 1866 - "Islanders"
- 1866 - "Warrior"
- 1870 - "On the knives"
- 1872 - "Sobira"
- 1872 - "Imprinted Angel"
- 1873 - "Enchanted Wanderer"
- 1874 - "Surprise"
- 1881 - "Lefty"
- 1890 - "Draws Dolls"